植物精油在动物机体应用的研究进展

doi:10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas20190800160

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

文章回顾了植物精油的物理特性,简述了植物精油的分类,主要功效和作用机理,在猪、鸡生产上的应用情况及发展过程中存在的问题。指出植物精油的添加对提高动物生产性能、增强免疫能力,促进动物健康生长具有显著作用。在文章最后表明植物精油作为饲料添加剂在生产加工和产品质量的评估等方面无统一的标准,致使精油产品质量良莠不齐,因此,需要进一步提高生产工艺、加强监督管理、完善相关制度,以促进植物精油的健康、快速发展。

关键词: 植物精油, 作用机理, 生产性能, 抗菌, 免疫作用

Abstract:

The physical properties of plant essential oils are reviewed, and the main classification, efficacy and mechanism of plant essential oils, their application in pig and chicken, and the problems in the development are briefly described. We point out that plant essential oils can improve animal production performance, enhance immunity and promote healthy growth of animals. The study shows that there is no uniform standard for plant essential oils as feed additive in production and product quality evaluation at present, resulting in the intermingled quality of essential oil products. Therefore, some steps should be taken to strengthen the production process, the supervision and management, and relevant systems, to promote the healthy and rapid development of plant essential oils.

Key words: Plant Essential Oil, Mechanism, Production Performance, Bacteriostasis, Immune Mechanism

中图分类号:

S8-1

王林, 刘贵莲, 朱九堡, 王伟, 唐莉. 植物精油在动物机体应用的研究进展[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(8): 85-89.

Wang Lin, Liu Guilian, Zhu Jiubao, Wang Wei, Tang Li. Research Progress on the Application of Essential Oils in Animals[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2021, 11(8): 85-89.

图/表 1

参考文献 39

[1]	Rota C, Carranlinana J J, Burillo J, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants against selected foodborne pathogens[J]. Journal of Food Protection, 2004, 67:1252-1256. pmid: 15222560
[2]	Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods a review[J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2004, 94(3):223-253. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022 URL
[3]	刘猛, 李绍钰. 植物精油的研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2011, 38(6):252-254.
[4]	汪海峰, 刘旭晨. 植物提取物饲料添加剂在家禽营养中的应用研究进展[J]. 饲料工业, 2008, 29(6):8-10.
[5]	Wagne R, Ulrich-Merzenich G. Synergy re-search: approaching a new generation of phytopharma-ceuticals[J]. Phytomedicine, 2009, 16(2):97-110. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.018 URL
[6]	Bewnes, Rourae. Essential oils in poultry nutrition: Maineffects and modes of action[J]. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 2010, 158(1):1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.007 URL
[7]	Pessoa L M, Morais S M, Bevilaqua C M L, et al. Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and eugenol against Haemonchus contortus[J]. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 2002, 109:59-63.
[8]	Seow Y X, Yeo C R, Chung H L, et al. Plant essential oils as active antimicrobial agents[J]. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2014, 54:625-44. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.599504 pmid: 24261536
[9]	甘利平, 杨维仁, 张崇玉, 等. 植物提取物的生物学功能及其作用机理[J]. 动物营养学报, 2015, 27(9):2667-2775.
[10]	廖芳, 杨振德. 麝香草酚和香荆芥酚对痢疾杆菌和肠炎常见菌的体外抗菌效应[J]. 医药导报, 2005, 24(10):868-870.
[11]	朱晓磊, 陈宏. 百里香精油对麻花鸡生长性能、养分利用率、血清生化指标和肠道菌群的影响[J]. 中国家禽, 2013, 35(21):21-26.
[12]	曹建国, 潘正伟, 陈正华, 等. 牛至油在仔猪饲料中的抗菌促生长效果[J]. 上海畜牧兽医通讯, 2004(1):24-25.
[13]	王改琴, 邬本成, 承宇飞, 等. 植物精油对生长猪生产性能和健康水平的影响[J]. 家畜生态学报, 2014(8):18-21.
[14]	方热军, 李美君, 周学彬, 等. 植物精油提取物对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响[J]. 饲料工业, 2010, 31(16):9-12.
[15]	Lee K W. Essential oils in broiler nutrition[J]. Int J Poult Sci, 2004(3):738-752.
[16]	张克英. 植物精油在家禽营养中的应用进展[J]. 饲料与畜牧:新饲料, 2007(6):41-44.
[17]	高玲. 植物精油在家禽生产上的研究与应用[J]. 中国畜牧兽医文摘, 2014(4):180.
[18]	毛红霞, 武书庚, 张海军, 等. 植物提取物在动物生产中的应用进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2010, 37(7):24-29.
[19]	Botsoglou N A, Florou Paneri P, Christaki E, et al. Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chichens and on iron induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues[J]. British Poul Try Science, 2002, 43(2):223-230.
[20]	胡贵丽, 刘靖, 刘勇强, 等. 博落回生物碱和茶籽多糖对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及脂质过氧化的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2018, 30(11):4626-4634.
[21]	纪少丽, 李爱花, 姜洁凌. 饲料中添加植物提取物对断奶-育肥猪生长性能及胴体品质的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2013, 49(8):61-67.
[22]	李晓东, 韩新茹, 王成章, 等. 植物精油对肉仔鸡生产性能、消化率和肠道酶活性的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2011, 6(6):321-324.
[23]	Jang I S, Ko Y H, Kang S Y, et al. Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens[J]. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 2007, 134(3):304-315. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.009 URL
[24]	Jamroz D, Wertelecki T, Houszka M, et al. Influence of diet type on the inclusion of plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the stomach and jejunumwalls in chicken[J]. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 2006, 90(5/6):255-268. doi: 10.1111/jpn.2006.90.issue-5-6 URL
[25]	周美玲, 赵国琦, 夏晨, 等. 紫苏精油对小鼠血清免疫指标的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2014, 50(11):61-64.
[26]	姜南. 四种绿色饲料添加剂和金霉素对肉仔鸡免疫功能及其生产性能的影响[D]. 哈尔滨:东北农业大学, 2015.
[27]	Zeng Z, Xu X, Zhang Q, et al. Effects of essential oil supplementation of a low-energy diet on performance, intestinal morphology and microflora, immune properties and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs[J]. Animal Science, 2015, 86(3):279-285.
[28]	Li P F, Piao X S, Ru Y J, et al. Efrects of adding essential oil to the diet of weaned pigs on performance, nutrient utilization, immune response and intestinal health[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2012, 25(11):1617-1626. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12292 URL
[29]	陈玉敏, 黄涛, 宋小珍, 等. 饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物对爱拔益加肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2015, 27(7):2224-2230.
[30]	Caop H, Lif D, Liy F, et al. Effect of essential oils and feed enzymes on performance and nutrient utilization in broilers fed a corn soy based diet[J]. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2010(8):749-755.
[31]	张文静, 雷连成, 魏静元, 等. 植物精油对肉仔鸡生长、屠宰性能和免疫功能的影响[J]. 饲料工业, 2016, 37(8):35-40.
[32]	Stelter K, Frahm J, Paulsen J, et al. Effects of oregano on performance and immune modulating factors in weaned piglets[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2013, 67(6):461-476. doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2013.858897 pmid: 24228909
[33]	Srinivasan K. Spices as influencers of body metabolism: An overview of three decades of research[J]. Food Research International, 2005, 38:77-86. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2004.09.001 URL
[34]	Abe S, Ma Ruyama N, Hayama K, et al. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils[J]. Mediators of Inflammation, 2003, 12(6):323-328. doi: 10.1080/09629350310001633342 URL
[35]	Yan L, Wang J P, Kim H J, et al. Influence of essential oil supplementation and diets with different nutrient densities on growthperformance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality and fecal noxious gas content in grower finisher pigs[J]. Livest Sci, 2010, 128(1):115-122. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.008 URL
[36]	Placha I, Chrastinova L, Laukova A, et al. Effect of thyme oil on small intestine integrity and antioxidant status, phagocytic activity and gastrointestinal microbiota in rabbits[J]. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 2013, 61(2):197-208. doi: 10.1556/AVet.2013.012 pmid: 23661388
[37]	Sun Q, Liu D, Gao S, et al. Effects of dietary essential oil and enzyme supplementation on growth performance and gut health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2015, 207:234-244. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.021 URL
[38]	Mithcs P, Zitterl Eglseer K, Kohle R B, et al. The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the prolifera-tion of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens[J]. Poult Sci, 2004, 83(4):669-675. doi: 10.1093/ps/83.4.669 URL
[39]	Rahimi S, Zadeh T, Karimi M A, et al. Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens[J]. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology, 2011, 13:527-539.

精油种类	精油中主要成分	来源	特性
萜类化合物	月桂烯(C₁₀H₁₆)、茴香醇(C₈H₁₂O₂)、罗勒烯(C₁₀H₁₆)、薄荷酮(C₁₀H₁₈O)、广藿香酮(C₁₂H₁₆O₄)、金合欢烯(C₁₅H₂₄)	薄荷、栀子花、广藿香、月桂等	主要是单萜和倍半萜类,萜类化合物部分活性较强（含氧衍生物）或含有香味
脂肪族化合物	异戊醛(C₅H₁₀O)、异戊酸(C₅HC₁₀O₂)、乙酸乙酯(C₄H₈O₂)	桂花、缬草等	所有的植物精油中几乎都含有小分子脂肪族化合物,只是含量相对较少
芳香族化合物	柠檬醛(C₁₀H₁₆O)、百里香酚(C₁₀H₁₄O)、肉桂醛(C₉H₈O)、丁香酚(C₁₀H₁₂O₂)、乙酸肉桂酯(C₁₁H₁₂O₂)等	百里香、丁香、肉桂等	结构多具有C₆-C₃骨架、有一个丙烷基的苯酚化合物或其酯类,少部分具有C₆-C₂骨架
含氮含硫化合物	大蒜素(C₆H₁₀S₃)、三硫化合物、异硫氰化烯丙酯、吡咯	大蒜、洋葱、柠檬、黑芥子等	存在于辛辣刺激性的植物精油中

精油种类	精油中主要成分	来源	特性
萜类化合物	月桂烯(C₁₀H₁₆)、茴香醇(C₈H₁₂O₂)、罗勒烯(C₁₀H₁₆)、薄荷酮(C₁₀H₁₈O)、广藿香酮(C₁₂H₁₆O₄)、金合欢烯(C₁₅H₂₄)	薄荷、栀子花、广藿香、月桂等	主要是单萜和倍半萜类,萜类化合物部分活性较强（含氧衍生物）或含有香味
脂肪族化合物	异戊醛(C₅H₁₀O)、异戊酸(C₅HC₁₀O₂)、乙酸乙酯(C₄H₈O₂)	桂花、缬草等	所有的植物精油中几乎都含有小分子脂肪族化合物,只是含量相对较少
芳香族化合物	柠檬醛(C₁₀H₁₆O)、百里香酚(C₁₀H₁₄O)、肉桂醛(C₉H₈O)、丁香酚(C₁₀H₁₂O₂)、乙酸肉桂酯(C₁₁H₁₂O₂)等	百里香、丁香、肉桂等	结构多具有C₆-C₃骨架、有一个丙烷基的苯酚化合物或其酯类,少部分具有C₆-C₂骨架
含氮含硫化合物	大蒜素(C₆H₁₀S₃)、三硫化合物、异硫氰化烯丙酯、吡咯	大蒜、洋葱、柠檬、黑芥子等	存在于辛辣刺激性的植物精油中