To adapt to the current rapid development of agriculture and animal husbandry, meet the growing demand for grain and forage, and realize the diversified utilization of oat resources, the Ulanqab Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences initiated an interspecific hybridization in 2002, using the naked oat variety 'Jizhangyou No.1' as the female parent and the hulled oat variety 'Yong 118' as the male parent. After years of systematic breeding, a new dual-purpose oat variety 'Wuyou No.1' (suitable for both grain and feed) was successfully developed. Verified through variety comparison trials, regional trials, and production trials, the results showed that during the two-year period from 2020 to 2021, the average fresh forage yield of 'Wuyou No.1' reached 50025.00 kg/hm², the hay yield was 13806.90 kg/hm², and the grain yield was 2901.45 kg/hm². All yields were significantly higher than those of the two control varieties. Compared with the control 'Mengnongdayan No.1', the yields increased by 13.64%, 15.97%, and 7.41% respectively; compared with the control 'Mengnongdayan No.2', the yields increased by 17.10%, 18.97%, and 20.83% respectively. The results of nutrient composition determination indicated that the hay and grain of 'Wuyou No.1' had excellent nutritional quality and prominent feeding value, and could be used as high-quality feed for indoor-fed livestock and poultry. This variety was approved by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Variety Approval Committee in May 2023, with the approval number Mengshen-072-2023.

To develop a new foxtail millet variety with high yield, multi-resistance, excellent quality, and wide adaptability, the Chifeng Academy of Agricultural and Animal Sciences bred ‘Jinmiao K4’ through methods of sexual hybridization and systematic selection, using the F₃ generation of ‘Chigu 10’ × ‘Huangjingu’ as the female parent and ‘Jinmiao K1’ as the male parent. This variety has a growth period of 120 d, plant height of 110.6 cm, and total starch content of 82.05%. It is characterized by high and stable yield, superior quality, herbicide resistance, comprehensive stress resistance, broad adaptability, and high suitability for mechanized harvesting. In the 2019-2020 regional trials, the average yield of ‘Jinmiao K4’ was 6077.4 kg/hm². In the 2020 production trial, its average yield reached 6136.4 kg/hm², which was 10.0% higher than that of the control variety ‘Huangjingu’, with a 100% yield-increasing point rate. It was awarded the National First-Class Quality Millet certification in 2021. In 2022, it was granted the national registration for non-main crops (GPD Foxtail Millet (2022)150085), and in 2024-2025, it was recognized as a leading variety in Chifeng City. The successful breeding of ‘Jinmiao K4’ has accelerated the replacement of old cultivars in major foxtail millet production regions, demonstrating broad prospects for application.

To address the issues of limited variety availability and unstable yield of linseed in the Bashang region of northwestern Hebei Province, and to screen for superior cultivars suitable for local conditions while improving breeding efficiency, 13 linseed cultivars (lines) developed by 8 domestic breeding institutions were used as experimental materials. Their phenological stages and main agronomic traits were investigated and analyzed using correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. The results showed that: (1) all 13 linseed varieties (lines) were medium-maturity types, with a growth period ranging from 90.5 to 101.5 days; (2) the agronomic traits exhibited rich variation, with coefficients of variation between 3.70% and 73.23%, and these traits were identified as core factors influencing yield; (3) correlation analysis revealed three pairs of traits with highly significant positive correlations and one pair with a significant positive correlation. Specifically, branch number showed correlation coefficients of 0.924 and 0.701 with the number of fruits per plant and yield, respectively, confirming it as a core trait affecting yield; (4) principal component analysis extracted four principal components, which cumulatively explained 83.034% of the total variance; (5) cluster analysis classified the 13 linseed lines into four groups: group I had medium branch numbers and fruits per plant with relatively high yield; group II had high branch numbers and fruits per plant with the highest yield; group III had medium technical length and yield; group IV had low branch numbers and fruits per plant with the lowest yield. In summary, branch number is a key agronomic trait regulating linseed yield. The lines '8008' and '2009-1A-1' from group II demonstrated the best overall performance and can be used as breeding parents or varieties for production and promotion. Subsequent studies should incorporate quality indicators, stress resistance data, and multi-location, multi-year trials to further verify the stability and adaptability of these superior cultivars.

To address the resource scarcity of peat, a key component of cultivation substrates for bedding plants, a three factors and three levels orthogonal experimental design was employed. Utilizing garden waste compost, peat, and bare soil as primary raw materials, four common ornamental species (Begonia semperflorens, Catharanthus roseus, Petunia hybrida, and Torenia fournieri) as test plants, a comprehensive evaluation of plant growth performance was conducted by the membership function method based on twelve growth indicators: plant height, crown width, branch number, root length, flower number, flower diameter, leaf number, leaf area, above-ground fresh weight, below-ground fresh weight, above-ground dry weight, and below-ground dry weight. The results demonstrated that among the nine substrate formulations tested, the substrate composed of 40% peat, 40% green waste compost, 10% perlite, and 10% vermiculite yielded the optimal growth performance across all four plant species. Conversely, the substrate with 80% green waste compost, 10% perlite, and 10% vermiculite resulted in the poorest growth outcomes. Additionally, a substrate formulation comprising 18.46% peat, 36.92% green waste compost, 24.62% garden soil, 10% perlite, and 10% vermiculite also supported favorable growth for B. semperflorens, P. hybrida and T. fournieri. In conclusion, green waste compost can partially substitute peat in cultivation substrates for B. semperflorens, C. roseus, P. hybrida and T. fournieri.

In order to explore the effects of canopy shading on agronomic traits, yield and quality of Isatis indigotica under intercropping with jujube, field experiments were conducted with four different canopy shading treatments, including 1 m from the central stem of the eastern jujube tree, 2.75 m from the central stem of the eastern jujube tree, 2.75 m from the central stem of the western jujube tree, and 1 m from the central stem of the western jujube tree. The results showed that canopy shading had a significant effect on the agronomic traits of I. indigotica. The number of leaves, dry and fresh weight of leaves, leaf drying rate, main root diameter and root drying rate of I. indigotica near the jujube tree increased significantly, while the main root length, fin number and root drying rate did not change significantly, indicating that canopy shading could promote the individual growth of I. indigotica. Canopy shading had a great effect on the dry and fresh yield of the leaves and I. indigotica. The dry and fresh yield of the leaves and I. indigotica far from the jujube tree in the east was relatively high, while those far from the jujube tree in the west was relatively low. The content of I. indigotica (R,S)-goitrin were higher in the leaves near jujube tree. The results showed that canopy shading under intercropping with I. indigotica and jujube tree can promote individual growth of I. indigotica, reduce the content of indirubin in leaves and increase (R,S)-goitrin content in I. indigotica.

The study aims to clarify the sensitive baseline of the novel pyrimidine salicylic acid herbicide Luorouracridine to Echinochloa barnyard (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), and reveal its cross-resistance relationship with the commonly used barnyard herbicide in paddy fields. This study adopted the whole-plant bioassay (stem and leaf spray method), and used 50 non-paddy field barnyard grass populations (to avoid the pressure of herbicide selection in paddy fields) as the subjects to determine the sensitive baseline. Seven resistant/sensitive populations, namely B162 (Cyhalofop-butylresistant population), B196 (Penoxsulam resistant population), B218 (Metamifop resistant population), B031, B172, B191 (Quinclorac resistant population), and the sensitive population B025, were used to analyze the cross-resistance. The research results show that: (1) sensitive baseline establishment: the GR50 value of fluoropyrimidine for inhibiting the fresh weight of 50 barnyard grass populations ranges from 2.7213 to 15.7766 g a.i/hm². By Shapiro-WilK test, its W=0.9722 and p=0.2832 > 0.05, conforms to the normal distribution. The average GR₅₀ value (7.6169±2.7941)g a.i./hm² can be used as the sensitive baseline of barnyard grass to fluracil. (2) Cross-resistance characteristics: Luorouracridine has significant positive cross-resistance with the ALS inhibitor herbicide Penoxsulam, which has the same mechanism of action. The barngrass populations B162 (RI=7.71) and B196 (RI=8.40) that showed low-level resistance to Penoxsulam had resistance indices of B162 (RI= 6.79) and B192 (RI=3.27), respectively, both indicating low-level resistance. However, it has no cross-resistance with agents that have different mechanisms of action (ACCase inhibitors such as Cyhalofop-butyland Metamifop, and hormone inhibitors such as Quinclorac).The barngrass populations that developed resistance to the above three agents (such as the Quinclorac resistant population B031, RI=13.01; the Metamifop resistant population B218, RI=3.42) all had resistance indices to flumacil < 2.0, indicating sensitivity. In conclusion, Luorouracridine can be used as an alternative agent in rice-growing areas resistant to Quinclorac, Cyhalofop-butyl, and Metamifop. However, it should be used with caution in rice-growing areas resistant to Penoxsulam. It is recommended to mix it with herbicides of different modes of action to delay the evolution of resistance in barnyard grass and extend the service life of the agent. The research conclusion provides a scientific basis for drug resistance monitoring and the rational application of drugs.

This study aims to screen biological agents with good control effects on tomato virus diseases and evaluate the impact of the tested agents on the growth and development of tomatoes and their later yields. We used S-inducer, amino oligosaccharin, Liangguo’an and Qingkuling as the test materials, and studied the effect of these four biological agents on tomato virus diseases and the yield of tomatoes by a field efficacy test. The results showed that all of the four biological agents had certain control effects on tomato virus diseases. Among them, S-inducer had the best control effect, reached 38.16%, followed by Qingkuling, amino oligosaccharin and Liangguo'an, with control effect of 37.72%, 29.39% and 23.68% respectively. S-inducer and Qingkuling also had certain yield-increasing effects on tomatoes. Meanwhile, the application of these four biological agents did not affect the normal growth of tomatoes. In conclusion, it is recommended to alternately use S-inducer and Qingkuling in tomato production to achieve the effects of controlling virus diseases and increasing yields.

The aim is to understand the research hotspots and trends in the field of farmland ammonia volatilization. In this study, 'Ammonia Volatilization' was used as the theme to retrieve 1805 articles published from 2003 to 2023 in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). In the same period, 'Ammonia Volatilization' was used as the theme to retrieve 3137 articles in the core database of Web of Science, and the type of 'Article and Review' was defined. The analysis was combined with bibliometrics and VOSviewer tools. The results showed that: (1) from 2003 to 2013, the number of papers on ammonia volatilization from farmland was in a steady growth stage. From 2013 to 2023, the number of papers increased sharply. In the past 20 years (2003-2023), China’s publication volume had dominated the world, with the United States and Brazil ranking second and third. (2) Most of the top 10 domestic and foreign papers were published by research institutions and universities, and the top 3 were the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the United States Department of Agriculture and the Department of Agriculture in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. Among them, 276 papers were published by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with an average of 34.12 citations, which were higher than the highest level of international institutions (219 papers by the United States Department of Agriculture, with an average of 32.28 citations). (3) From 2003 to 2023, the number of published papers and citation frequency of British, Canadian and Danish scientists in the field of ammonia volatilization were relatively high, but in the past 10 years (2013-2023), the top three authors in the number of published papers and citation frequency were Chinese authors. (4) The top three research directions with high attention were agriculture, environmental ecology and botany, and the hot spots mainly focused on biochar, greenhouse gases, N₂O emissions and nitrogen balance. In summary, the development of ammonia volatilization research in farmland is still in the development stage. In the future, the core development direction will be to innovate and apply advanced comprehensive technical means to analyze nitrogen cycle and reduce ammonia nitrogen loss.

To explore the effects of different soil conditions on the quality and safety, nutritional quality and yield of ginseng fruit, six typical soils, including Wenshan mining area (treatment I), Honghe mining area (treatment II), a high background value area in Qujing (treatment III), a low risk area in Kunming (treatment IV), a medium risk area in Kunming (treatment V), a high risk area in Kunming (treatment VI), were selected to carry out pot experiment. The contents of soil nutrients and heavy metals were systematically determined, and their relationships with fruit quality (soluble solids, total acid, total sugar, vitamin C, amino acid, and calcium), safety index and yield were analyzed. The results showed that the content of heavy metal cadmium in soil of most treatments was higher than the specified value except treatment IV, the content of arsenic in soil of treatment Ⅵ exceeded the specified limit of heavy metal concentration, and the content of heavy metal in ginseng fruit was not detected to exceed the standard. The quality, soluble solids, total acids, total sugars, vitamin C, amino acids and calcium contents of ginseng fruit were determined by principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The results of fruit quality index analysis showed that total potassium and total acid, amino acid and total phosphorus, citric acid and total potassium were negatively correlated in different soil organic matter and fruit nutritional quality. The first three principal components were extracted by principal component analysis and the cumulative contribution rate was 81.524%. The comprehensive evaluation index model of ginseng fruit nutritional components under different soil conditions was F=49.537F₁+31.987F₂, and the comprehensive scores of Ⅴ (Kunming 2), Ⅳ (Kunming 1) and Ⅲ (Qujing) were the highest, and the quality was the best. There was no significant difference in yield and fruit weight among the six treatments, and the difference in fruit weight between III (Qujing) and VI (Kunming 3) was the largest. By measuring, analyzing and studying the effects of different soil background values on the quality, safety, nutritional quality and yield of ginseng fruit, it is helpful to reveal the internal relationship between soil factors and the growth and development of ginseng fruit, provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for formulating scientific planting management measures, help to improve the yield and quality of ginseng fruit, ensure food safety, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.

Soil carbon pool is an important component of total carbon pools in terrestrial ecosystems. Studying dynamical changes of soil carbon pool and its fractions are necessary to understand the effect of soil formation on CO₂ in the atmosphere. In this paper, the eastern Zhejiang marine plain with a single material source was selected, and the surface soil samples and profile layered soil samples were collected to study the effect of reclamation time on the soil carbon pool and composition of the marine plain. The results showed that enclosing of coastal tideland made soil separate from influence of sea water and improved plant growth, which increased accumulation of soil organic matter. Meanwhile inorganic carbon (CaCO₃) was gradually leached and moved downward from 1 m soil depth. As a consequence, contents of total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, water-dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and black carbon of the soils increased gradually with soil age, and inorganic carbon in the soils leached downward firstly, and finally disappeared from 1 m soil depth. Various fractions of organic carbon were found to be mainly accumulated in top layer of the soil profiles. It was also found that significant amount of dissolved organic carbon was moved downward and accumulated in deep soil. During soil development, organic carbon increased while inorganic carbon decreased, total carbon in the 1 m soil depth increased gradually in the first 86 year, and reached a relatively stable level, and then slightly decreased after 310 years of soil development.

To evaluate the quality uniformity of domestic cigar wrapper tobacco leaves quickly and accurately, an appearance quality detection and evaluation method for cigar wrapper tobacco leaves was established. 100 cigar wrapper tobacco leaf samples from three production areas in Enshi, Shiyan, and Yichang, Hubei Province were collected as the research objects. Using the established detection method, the appearance quality, color difference, body difference, and elongation at break were detected, and the relevant data were statistically analyzed to establish a regression prediction model. The results showed that the established appearance quality evaluation method for cigar wrapper tobacco leaves (expert method) could be used for fine evaluation of cigar wrapper raw materials. The established detection methods for color difference, body difference, and elongation at break (equipment method) were simple and scientific, and could be used for rapid detection and analysis of daily laboratory samples. The overall appearance quality of Hubei cigar wrapper tobacco leaves evaluated by expert method was good, with an average score of 83.0 points, and the coefficient of variation among samples of each index was relatively small. Through equipment detection and analysis, the color difference of Hubei cigar wrapper tobacco leaves was 2.2, the body difference was 0.045, and the elongation at break was 17.0%. The coefficient of variation among samples of each index was relatively large. Simple correlation analysis found that the indicators that had a significant or extremely significant positive correlation with the total score of appearance quality in the expert method were integrity, uniformity, body, oil content, and vein pattern. In the equipment method, the elongation at break had an extremely significant positive correlation with the total score of appearance quality, and the indicators with an extremely significant negative correlation were color difference and thickness difference. The established appearance quality detection and analysis method for cigar wrapper tobacco leaves was simple, scientific, and highly operable. The regression model established through stepwise regression analysis can be used for rapid quantitative detection of the appearance quality uniformity of cigar wrapper tobacco leaves and has reference value for the refined and diversified production and development of cigar tobacco leaf raw materials.

In response to the decline of offshore fishery resources and the problem of remote management of marine ranching, and promote the construction of intelligent marine ranching, this study reviews the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology combined with big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other technologies to provide technical support for the management of marine ranching in aspects of water quality ecological environment monitoring, water quality ecological environment prediction and early warning, anti-theft systems, traceability systems, remote sensing, intelligent monitoring, detection and cleaning of net cages, and object recognition. At present, there are still four key bottlenecks in the application of Internet of Things technology in marine ranching. First, the standard of Internet of Things in marine ranching is lagging behind, which leads to difficulties in equipment interconnection and data sharing; second, the sensor has insufficient adaptability, high cost and difficult maintenance; third, the reliability of data transmission is poor and the efficiency of massive data processing is low; fourth, the security mechanism is lagging behind, there are security risks; fifth, the lack of compound talents restricts the landing of technology. Based on the above issues, targeted countermeasures are proposed: strengthening standard construction to gradually achieve interoperability and sharing; enhancing security research to ensure application safety; and establishing multi-party collaboration between government, industry, academia, and research institutes to cultivate and train talents. This study comprehensively summarizes the application progress and core issues of Internet of Things technology in marine ranching, and provides theoretical reference and technical support for the standardized and efficient development of intelligent marine ranching.

Aiming at the problems of insufficient prediction accuracy of winter wheat maturity stage and lack of accurate parameters at township level in Xianyang area, a study was conducted to improve the prediction of winter wheat maturity, and support agricultural machinery scheduling and disaster prevention and mitigation in Xianyang. Based on field observational data on winter wheat phenological phases and daily meteorological data from 1982-2024 from five agro-meteorological experimental stations located in Qindu District, Wugong County, Liquan County, Yongshou County and Xunyi County of Xianyang City, a prediction model for winter wheat maturity in Xianyang was established using SPSS software. Furthermore, GIS interpolation and map algebra overlay analysis were employed to determine the specific maturity dates of winter wheat at the township level in Xianyang in 2025. The results showed that: (1) from 1982 to 2024, the average temperature during the winter wheat growing season in Xianyang increased significantly at 0.46 °C /10 a (P<0.01), the growth period was shortened at -3.8 d/10 a, and the maturity period was advanced by 1.6d/10 a. All phenological phases before overwintering were positively correlated with temperature, while those after overwintering were negatively correlated with temperature(P<0.01). (2) Precipitation showed a weak increasing trend (2.2 mm/10 a), and had no significant effect on phenological period (P>0.05). Temperature was the core factor driving the change of phenological period. (3) A maturity prediction model was constructed based on winter wheat height, average temperature in March, ordinal date of sowing stage, ordinal date of flowering stage, and average temperature in early May. The model achieved a coefficient of determination (R²=0.842) and a root mean square error (RMSE=2.98), which could achieve accurate prediction at the township level 15 days in advance. The prediction of winter wheat maturity can guide agricultural departments to arrange harvesting plans rationally, provide accurate meteorological services for wheat harvesting and agricultural machinery scheduling in Xianyang City, ensure that wheat is harvested at the optimal time, and offer theoretical support for improving wheat yield and quality.

Identifying the comparative advantages in the cultivation of grain crops is of significant value for optimizing regional planting structures, enhancing the comprehensive benefits of grain cultivation, and thereby ensuring food security. This study is based on the data related to the cultivation of major grain crops in the nine provinces (autonomous regions) of the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2022. Utilizing the comparative advantage analysis method, the study measured the spatio-temporal evolution of the comparative advantages of five major grain crops, including rice, wheat, corn, legumes, and tubers. The principal findings indicate that in terms of scale advantages, rice in Sichuan, wheat in Henan and Shandong, tubers in Gansu and legumes in Inner Mongolia are particularly prominent; in terms of efficiency advantages, legumes in Qinghai, Gansu, and Shandong, as well as tubers in Qinghai and Shandong, and corn in Qinghai, are more significant; for comprehensive advantages, rice in Sichuan, corn in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, wheat in Henan and Shandong, tubers in Gansu, and legumes in Inner Mongolia are predominant; in terms of the temporal changes in comprehensive efficiency, there is a noticeable upward trend for rice in Sichuan and Inner Mongolia, wheat in Qinghai, Shandong and Henan, corn in Sichuan, and legumes in Inner Mongolia. Additionally, the comprehensive index for tubers in Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi has shown a certain degree of growth, indicating a promising development prospect. This study can provide some ideas for the optimization of planting structure and high-quality agricultural development in the Yellow River Basin.