Cotton

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Response Mechanism of Cotton Varieties in Bayingol Area to Chemical Topping Agents

DU Shanshan, LUO Jing, YAO Qingqing, HE Zhongsheng, WANG Dongli, SUN Huijian

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (25): 11-17. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0196

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In order to clarify the sensitive response of different main cotton varieties to chemical topping agents in Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, four local main cotton varieties were selected as the research objects to study and analyze the effects of DPC (25% slow-release emulsion in water) treatment with chemical topping agents on plant height, LAI, aboveground biomass accumulation, yield and quality of different cotton varieties. The results showed that 30 days after topping, the plant height of different cotton varieties was significantly higher than that of artificial topping by 4.09%-7.54% (P<0.05), among which ‘Ba 43541’ increased the least. LAI of different cotton varieties under two topping methods ranged from 2.96 to 4.03. Compared with before topping, LAI of cotton variety ‘Ba 43541’ increased the most under chemical topping method. The changes of leaves, stems, buds and total dry matter mass of different cotton varieties under two topping methods were different, but the changes of dry matter mass under two topping methods were not significant (P>0.05). Compared with manual topping, chemical topping had little effect on fiber length, uniformity, specific strength, micronaire value and elongation of different cotton varieties, and the difference was significant. Compared with manual topping, the yield of seed cotton of different cotton varieties increased by 0.35%-2.49% under chemical topping, among which the yield of cotton variety ‘Ba 43541’ was the highest, with 163.15 kg/hm², followed by ‘Xinluzhong 71’, ‘Xinluzhong 78’ and ‘Xinluzhong 81’. ‘Ba 43541’, the main cotton variety in Bayingol, is the most sensitive to chemical topping agent, and has the best effect of chemical capping, and has the potential to increase production.

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Different Intercropping Systems of Cotton-Sorghum: Study on Soil Nutrients, Cotton Agronomic Characters and Yield

WEI Xuewen, HAN Wenfeng, XU Qinqing, WANG Guifeng, XIONG Shiwu, WANG Zhanbiao

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (12): 28-32. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0939

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To fully utilize the land resources and explore environmentally friendly, high-yield, and efficient cotton-sorghum intercropping systems, we conducted an experiment with sorghum and cotton intercropped by 'Jiliang 2' and 'Lu 6269' in Binzhou City, Shandong Province. Four intercropping patterns were adapted to analyze their effects on cotton agronomic traits, soil nutrient content, yield components, yield and economic benefits. The results showed that cotton-sorghum intercropping, compared with cotton monoculture, significantly increased cotton plant height, the number of fruiting branches and boll numbers, resulting in 0.73% to 6.13% increase in lint yield. Although fiber quality was decreased slightly, the soil available nutrient content was enhanced significantly. Among the three intercropping systems, the highest yield and economic benefits were observed in the one with 4-row cotton and 4-row sorghum. The lint yield in this pattern was 6.13% higher than that of cotton monoculture, and the economic benefits increased by 13.79%. Therefore, this pattern could be used in this area in order to improve yield potential in sorghum-cotton intercropping systems.

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Cotton Yield Forecast in Shandong Province Based on Meteorological Key Factors

HOU Mengyuan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (9): 37-41. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0377

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Cotton is an important cash crop in Shandong Province，and its growth and yield formation are closely related to meteorological conditions. It’s significant to carry out cotton yield prediction for economic security in Shandong Province. Based on the cotton yield data in Shandong Province from 1990 to 2020, the daily average temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours from 17 meteorological stations during the same period, the meteorological key factors affecting cotton yield were determined by means of factor puffing and correlation analysis, and a dynamic forecast model of cotton yield with every five days as the time step in Shandong Province was established. The province was divided into 4 regions, and the forecast model of cotton yield was tested during 1990-2016 and was applied during 2017-2020. The results showed that the average trend back-testing accuracy was 94.1% in the province, and ranged from 87.3%to 94.1% in different regions. The forecast accuracy of cotton yield during 2017-2020 was 95.1% in Shandong Province, and was 92.1%, 91.5%, 91.5%, and 90.9% in southern region, central region, northwestern region and eastern region of Shandong, respectively. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for the quantitative, dynamic, and refined prediction of cotton yield in Shandong Province.

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Research on Efficient Transplanting and Domestication Techniques for Cotton Tissue Culture Seedlings

GE Yujun, GONG Na, YANG Jianfeng, YANG Min, LIU Zheng, LI Xianggan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (7): 14-19. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0154

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This study delves into the crucial factors that influence the survival rate of cotton tissue culture seedlings during transplantation. Addressing the pervasive issue of low survival rates during direct transplantation, we aim to offer a robust and efficient transplantation approach for cotton tissue culture seedlings. Utilizing these seedlings as our primary experimental subject, we examined their survival rate, root system, and growth of stem and leaves under various environmental conditions, substrates, and root system states. The seedlings were rooted within a culture container and subsequently transplanted into a substrate comprising a 1:1 volume ratio of perlite and vermiculite, nourished with a 1/2MS nutrient solution. By maintaining optimal humidity levels during the recovery phase, we observed enhanced seedling vigor, with survival rates soaring from an initial 50% to a remarkable 100%. This method is simple to operate and has a high survival rate, establishing an efficient and stable method for the domestication of cotton tissue culture seedlings. In addition to its affordability, it eliminates the need for grafting, boasts a higher boll-setting rate, and holds promising potential for the burgeoning realm of cotton biotechnology.

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Research on Estimation Model of Aboveground Nitrogen Concentration in Drip Irrigation Cotton Based on Machine Learning Algorithm

WANG Pengxiang, CHEN Xiangyu, WEI Chunyue, MA Yiru, QIN Shizhe, ZHOU Zexuan, ZHANG Ze

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (4): 148-157. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0110

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Aboveground nitrogen concentration is an important indicator for accurately diagnosing crop nitrogen abundance and deficiency and thus evaluating its growth status. By constructing a hyperspectral-based nitrogen concentration estimation model for aboveground nitrogen concentration in drip-irrigated cotton, the real-time, non-destructive and accurate acquisition of nitrogen content in cotton can be realized, providing theoretical basis and technical support for precise fertilization. Six N application treatments (0, 120, 240, 348, 360, 480 kg/hm² of pure N) were set up with the main cotton cultivars ‘Xinluzao 45’ and ‘Xinluzao 53’ in northern Xinjiang as the test varieties. Measuring the hyperspectral information of the cotton canopy and removing redundancy using functional transformations, the first- and second-order derivative screening results were similar, and the logarithmic screening of the inverse was more scattered. Machine learning weight ordering was used for feature screening, and a total of seven feature bands, including 359, 371, 751, 752, 746, 739, and 755 nm, were selected. We also traversed the wavelength combinations to optimize the vegetation indices associated with high nitrogen in previous studies, and selected seven spectral indices including RVI′_810,460, NDVI′_811,856, NDVI′_750,705, RVI′_740,720, RVI′_851,852, DVI′_359,360, NDVI′_851,852. The filtered feature bands and vegetation indices were used to establish a nutrient estimation model with cotton nitrogen using ridge regression, decision tree, bootstrap clustering, and enhancement learning algorithms, respectively. Finally, the aboveground nitrogen concentration estimation model of drip-irrigated cotton established by the Adaboost iterative algorithm was the most effective, with a model accuracy of R² reaching 0.911 and an RMSE of 1.362. Spectral information can be used to effectively invert the nitrogen nutritional status of cotton, and the estimation accuracy of the model constructed based on the vegetation index is more stable than that of the feature band; the optimization of the existing feature band of the vegetation index can effectively improve the estimation accuracy of the model; comparing and analyzing the accuracy of the model under different modeling methods, the integrated learning is more advantageous than the single-machine learning in the nitrogen nutritional estimation of cotton.

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Application, Problems and Solution Strategies of "Dry Sowing and Wet Emergence" Planting Technology of Cotton in Southern Xinjiang

WANG Yiqi, ZHANG Wentai, TIAN Changyan, MAI Wenxuan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (3): 62-65. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0152

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Cotton is the most important cash crop in Xinjiang, and southern Xinjiang is the main cotton production area, which yield accounts for 80% of the whole Xinjiang. For a long time, the planting mode of "wet sowing and dry emergence" was widely adopted in the cotton areas of southern Xinjiang, which meant that in addition to conventional irrigation during the cotton growth period, winter irrigation and spring irrigation were also needed to play a role in pressing salt and improving soil moisture during the sowing period. However, with the continuous expansion of cultivated land area and the increasing shortage of water resources, the cotton production of southern Xinjiang began to try the cultivation method in northern Xinjiang of "dry sowing and wet emergence" to grow cotton, but the overall effect was not ideal. Through the literature review, this paper tries to explore the reasons for the ineffective implementation of the "dry sowing and wet emergence" cultivation method in southern Xinjiang, and puts forward possible solution strategies on this basis.

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Breeding of a New Cotton Variety ‘Xumian 608’ Suitable for Machine Picking with Early Maturity and High Quality

ZHAO Mingming, HU Xinyan, LI Weihua, LI Ke, WANG Kang, CHEN Xiaoguang

Journal of Agriculture 2024, 14 (1): 29-33. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0007

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Aiming at the problems such as grain and cotton competition for land, excessive labor and increasing labor costs in cotton production, a new early-maturing cotton variety ‘Xumian 608’ was bred by cross-breeding technology with ‘Lumian 19’ as female parent and ‘Xu Mian 266’ as male parent. ‘Xumian 608’ can meet the one year two-harvest planting system of wheat (garlic, oil) and cotton, and is suitable for mechanized harvesting. In the regional trial of new cotton varieties in Jiangsu Province from 2018 to 2019, the growth period of ‘Xumian 608’ was 99 days, the lint percentage was 40.1%, and the lint yield of ginned cotton was 1221.0 kg/hm², which was 3.9% higher than that of the control ‘Zhong mian Suo 50’. The plant height was 87.5 cm and the first fruit branch height was 20.8 cm, which met the standard of machine-picked cotton plant type. The average length of the upper half part of the fiber was 28.1 mm, the specific breaking strength was 29.2 cN/tex, and the micronaire value was 5.1. In the production test of Jiangsu Province in 2020, the average lint yield was 1340.3 kg/hm², which was 10.5% higher than that of the control ‘Zhong mian Suo 50’. This variety was suitable for promoting and planting in the early-maturing cotton areas in Jiangsu Province, Yangtze River basin and Yellow River basin. It showed tolerance to wilt, verticillium and salt, resistant to bollworm and sensitivity to defoliating agents.

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Study on the Critical Growth Period and Yield Dynamic Forecast of Cotton in Shihezi

SU Chaocheng, GE Yicheng, XIE Jiaying, XU Haoyi, WANG Xiaotian

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (2): 102-106. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0078

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Cotton is one of the main economic crops in Xinjiang, and the dynamic forecast of cotton yield is of great significance for production safety. Using the daily meteorological data and cotton yield data of four ground meteorological reference stations in Shihezi area of Xinjiang from 1968 to 2020, and based on the integral regression method, the main meteorological factors and key periods of temperature, light and water affecting cotton production were analyzed with ten-day as the time scale during the whole growth period of cotton. The dynamic forecast models of cotton meteorological yield in Shihezi area in mid-July, mid-August and mid-September were established. The results showed that temperature had the greatest impact on cotton yield in Shihezi, Xinjiang. The seedling stage, flowering stage and initial stage of boll opening were the key temperature periods for cotton growth. The positive effects were significant at seedling stage and boll opening stage, while the negative effects were significant at flowering stage. The flowering stage was the key period of light for cotton growth, which had a positive effect on cotton yield. Shihezi area was an irrigated agricultural area, although the natural precipitation had a positive effect, the impact of precipitation on cotton yield was small. The dynamic forecast model established by the integral regression method was used to test the cotton yield in Shihezi region from 2018 to 2020, the results showed that the average accuracy rates in mid-July, mid-August and mid-September were 85.1%, 91.4% and 94.3%, respectively. The accuracy of the cotton meteorological yield dynamic forecast model based on integral regression method was higher as it approached the mature stage. It is feasible to use the principle of integral regression to dynamically forecast cotton yield. And it can be applied to cotton yield forecasting business, providing reference for local yield forecast.

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Study on Adaptability of Different Cotton Varieties Under Planting Pattern of Machine-harvested Cotton

XU Daoqing, ZHENG Shufeng, LIU Xiaoling, WANG Wei, KAN Huachun, CHEN Min, LI Shuying

Journal of Agriculture 2023, 13 (12): 13-19. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0072

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The aim of study is to clarify the morphological, physiological and yield changes of each cotton variety under the machine-harvested cotton pattern and provide a theoretical basis for variety selection in mechanized cotton production in the Yangtze River basin. In the field trial from 2018 to 2019, the low density (45000 plants/hm²) of ‘Zhongmiansuo 63F₂’ (a hybrid cotton variety) was used as the control treatment, the growth process, agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and yield changes of ‘Zhongmian Suo 63F₂’, ‘Zhongmian Suo 425’(conventional early-maturing cotton variety) and ‘Zhongmian Suo 50’ (conventional early-maturing cotton variety) were studied under high density (90000 plants/hm²) with the planting pattern of machine-harvested cotton. The results showed that the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, boll number and yield of each variety under the planting pattern of machine-harvested cotton were higher than those of the control treatment. The boll weight and seed cotton yield of ‘Zhongmiansuo 63F₂’ were higher than those of the two early maturing cotton varieties, but it didn’t reach the significant level. The conventional early-maturing cotton varieties ‘Zhongminansuo 425’ and ‘Zhongmiansuo 50’ matured earlier and concentrated fruiting, which were suitable for the two-harvest-a-year continuous cropping system in the Yangtze River basin.

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The Machine-harvested Property and Variety Screening of Machine-harvested Cotton

HAO Yaming, WU Meihuan, XU Haoyi, GAO Yu, WEN Chun, LIU Junzhe, CHEN Yu

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (33): 44-49. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0984

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Through selecting and identifying new strains and varieties of early-maturing machine-picked cotton, the quality and yield of machine-picked cotton can be improved steadily. In 2019 and 2020, 12 machine-picked cotton varieties were selected to carry out the comparative experiment of agronomic characters in the experimental area set up by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of 7th Division of The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. The results showed that the shortest growth period of ‘Shidamian268’, ‘H1537’, ‘Jinken1861’ and ‘XinshiK33’ was less than 120 days, and there were 10 varieties with the first boll height ≥18.0 cm, the uniformity of boll-opening period was 2 or 3 grades. ‘Shidamian268’ranked the first in comprehensive mechanical-harvested properties, and the yield of seed cotton, lint cotton and lint cotton before frost were all better than other varieties, which increased by 7.2%, 19.2% and 25.1% respectively compared with the control varieties. The next was ‘Xinnongzao129’, the yield of seed cotton, lint cotton and lint cotton before frost increased by 6.0%, 14.7% and 16.3% respectively compared with the control varieties. ‘Shidamian268’ and ‘Xinnongzao129’ had the best mechanical-harvested properties and cotton quality, which accorded with the requirements of this research area.

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Effects of Organic Manure Replacing Part of Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soil Nitrogen Distribution and Nitrogen Fertilizer Uptake and Utilization in Continuous Cropping Cotton Fields

LUO Xuemei, CHEN Mingyuan, WANG Ningning, GUO Rui, LIU Jianguo

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (33): 76-84. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0922

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The research aims to clarify the effects of nitrogen reduction and partial replacement of organic fertilizer on soil nitrogen distribution, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and cotton yield in continuous cropping cotton fields, and to provide theoretical basis for optimization of fertilization scheme based on the current situation of farmland. The experiment was conducted in 2021 in the continuous cropping cotton field in Erlian Farming trial field of Shihezi University. Eight treatments were set, including conventional nitrogen application rate (CF, 360 kg/hm²), reducing conventional nitrogen application rate by 8%, 16%, 24% (CF-8%, CF-16% and CF-24%), applying organic fertilizer to replace conventional nitrogen application rate by 8%, 16%, 24% (8%OF, 16%OF and 24%OF) and no fertilization (CK). The results showed that the contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer, agronomic utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, the accumulation of dry matter, yield composition and yield first increased and then decreased with the reduction of chemical fertilizer application and the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer substitution. The utilization rate and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer of CF-16% were significantly higher than that of CF, and the yield increase rate reached 6.22%; except the number of bolls per plant, all indexes of organic fertilizer replacement treatment were significantly higher than that of CF, and the yield increase rate of 16% OF was the highest, which was 17.96%. The content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen of CF-16% and CF-24% remained in the 0-60 cm soil layer was significantly lower than that of CF, and the nitrate nitrogen content in 20-60 cm soil layer decreased significantly with the increase of organic fertilizer replacement ratio, in which the content of 16% OF 0-20 cm nitrate nitrogen and 24% OF 0-20 cm ammonium nitrogen increased significantly compared with CF. To sum up, the optimal nitrogen application rate of CF-16% showed the best performance; from the perspective of reducing nitrogen accumulation in deep soil and improving nitrogen utilization of cotton plants, 16% OF was the best replacement ratio of organic fertilizer.

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Cotton Seed Priming: A Review

FENG Chengling, ZHOU Yongping, TIAN Haiyan, LIU Xu, ZHANG Haina

Journal of Agriculture 2023, 13 (11): 17-22. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0158

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Seed priming is an important method to promote seed germination, seedling growth, and stress resistance of cotton. This paper summarized the application effect of seed priming on the improvement of drought tolerance, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, and disease tolerance of cotton and the promotion of yield in recent years. And the action mechanisms of different priming technologies to cotton were concluded from the aspects of cotton form, physiology, and molecule. Finally, the development of cotton seed priming was discussed and prospected.

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Present Situation and Prospect of Developing Machine Picked Cotton in the Yangtze River Basin

WANG Qiongshan, WANG Xiaogang, XIA Songbo, ZHANG Jiaohai, QIN Hongde, FENG Changhui, ZHANG Youchang, BIE Shu

Journal of Agriculture 2023, 13 (10): 89-94. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0160

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Based on the analysis of the complex changes of the international and domestic cotton situation, this paper describes the current situation and necessity of developing the machine picked cotton industry in the Yangtze River Basin. The advantages of developing machine picked cotton are clarified. We expound the problems and challenges faced by the popularization of machine picked cotton, and discuss the development strategy of machine picked cotton. We provide rational suggestions for the following aspects. The regional and optimized layout for mechanized cotton harvesting shall be developed in the Yangtze River basin. Make full use of the winter fallow fields in the region to develop wheat and rape crops. In the two lakes (Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake) and the two rivers (Yangtze River and Hanjiang River) areas of the Yangtze River Basin, cotton and rape (wheat) double direct seeding and double machine harvesting shall be expanded in nearly 700 thousand hectares of tidal flat and dry land suitable for cotton production. Form a pattern of increasing cotton area and stabilizing rape area in the Yangtze River Basin.

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Characteristics of Climate Change and Its Effects on Cotton Growth Period and Yield in Qiemo

HU Qirui, WANG Xuejiao, JI Chunrong, YANG Mingfeng, HUANG Qiuxia, WANG Xiaojun

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (29): 79-85. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0916

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To explore the characteristics of climate change and its influence on development period and yield of cotton, based on the data of temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours of Qiemo national benchmark climate station from 1961 to 2021, and combined with the data of development period and yield of cotton, the authors analyzed the characteristics of climate change and its impact on cotton development period and yield by using linear trend method and climate trend rate. The results showed that: 1961 to 2021, the average temperature, average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature and 5 cm average ground temperature in the growing season of Qiemo County showed linear upward trends; the precipitation and the ≥10℃ accumulated temperatures showed slight increase trends, sunshine hours showed a decreasing trend; the maximum temperature and high temperature duration days from July to August showed significant upward trends. The first frost date was postponed, the last frost date was advanced, and the number of frost-free days increased significantly. There was a negative correlation between air temperature and ground temperature from seedling stage to flowering stage, and a positive correlation between air temperature and ground temperature from boll opening stage to harvest stage. The number of cotton bolls was positively correlated with the average minimum temperature and ≥10°C accumulated temperature. The cotton yield was positively correlated with air temperature, sunshine hours and 5 cm ground temperature. Under the climate change, the sowing to flowering period of cotton in Qiemo County was advanced, the mature stage was delayed, and the whole growth period was prolonged. The increase of heat resources in the growing season of cotton was generally conducive to the improvement of cotton yield and quality, but we should pay attention to the adverse effects of high temperature in summer on the development of cotton bolls in Qiemo County.

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Regional Differences, Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Adoption of Efficient Water-Saving Agricultural Services for Cotton Farmers in Xinjiang

MA Yongren, WANG Jiao, ZHU Meiling

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (27): 149-156. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0780

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Agricultural efficient water-saving service is an important means to promote the sustainable utilization of agricultural water-saving projects. Based on the field survey data of 2028 cotton farmers in south part, north part and east part of Xinjiang, this paper analyzed the behavior choices and paths of cotton farmers towards agricultural efficient water-saving services from the perspective of regional differences and cotton farmers' characteristics by using binary Logistic regression model. The results showed that, the significance of the government's promotion of efficient agricultural water-saving service on cotton farmers’ choice in southern Xinjiang, northern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang decreased in turn. The age of householder, education level and the proportion of household labor force had no significant influence on cotton farmers' choice of efficient water-saving agricultural service. The water-saving technical experience of householders, the degree of farmland fragmentation, the rate of irrigation water security and the number of water-saving irrigation service organizations had a significant influence on the cotton farmers' choice of efficient water-saving service behavior, and the influence degree was great. Finally, the paper proposed three development paths: improving water resources guarantee rate, strengthening scale management of small-scale farmers' land, and increasing the supply of efficient agricultural water-saving service organizations.

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Effects of Returning Cotton Straw and Biochar to Cotton Field on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Water-nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Cotton

YANG Maoqi, GUO Xiaowen, ZHOU Yongxue, GUO Huijuan, MIN Wei

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (26): 76-85. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0772

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The effects of cotton straw and its biochar returning on soil physical and chemical properties, nitrate nitrogen leaching, and water-nitrogen utilization rate in cotton fields were studied to provid a theoretical basis for rational utilization of agricultural resources and improvement of soil fertility in arid areas. This study was carried out on the basis of two consecutive years (2019 to 2020) of cotton straw and its biochar returning to the field. There were four treatments in the experiments: no nitrogen (N0), nitrogen (N360), nitrogen application combined with cotton straw (N360ST) and nitrogen application combined with biochar (N360BC) treatments. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 360 kg/hm², the amount of cotton straw was 6 t/hm², and the amount of biochar was 3.7 t/hm² (the equal amount of carbon as cotton straw). The results showed that compared with N0 treatment, N360, N360ST and N360BC treatments significantly increased soil porosity, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen leaching, cotton plant height, total biomass, nitrogen uptake, seed cotton yield and irrigation water utilization, respectively. However, the soil pH and water leaching amount significantly decreased. Compared with N360 treatment, N360ST and N360BC treatments significantly increased soil total carbon, available potassium, available phosphorus and carbon nitrogen ratio, respectively. Soil water and nitrate nitrogen leaching amount in N360ST treatment increased by 33.00% and 40.16% respectively compared with N360 treatment, while nitrate nitrogen leaching amount in N360BC treatment decreased by 40.06% compared with N360 treatment. Compared with N360 treatment, N360ST and N360BC treatment significantly increased cotton total biomass, nitrogen uptake and seed cotton yield. In addition, the irrigation water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of N360ST and N360BC treatments increased by 4.24%, 11.53% and 15.70%, 44.58%, respectively. Cotton straw and its biochar returning to the field changed the soil structure, significantly increased soil nutrients, reduced nitrate nitrogen leaching, and increased nitrogen uptake, thus increasing seed cotton yield and improving water and nitrogen use efficiency.

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Response of Photosynthetic Characteristic Parameters of Cotton at Flower and Boll Stages to Drought Stress Under Mulched Drip Irrigation

CHEN Xue, JI Chunrong, BAKE Batur, HU Qirui, YANG Mingfeng, GUO Yanyun, LIU Ailin

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (19): 1-8. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0108

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In order to clarify the response degree and key threshold of cotton photosynthetic characteristic parameters to drought under mulched drip irrigation, four kinds of continuous drought stress simulation tests with different water gradients were carried out for cotton at flowering and boll stage, and the response and influence threshold of cotton leaf photosynthetic characteristic parameters during the occurrence and development of cotton drought were analyzed. The results revealed that after 10 days of drought stress, cotton fields under different water gradients entered different degrees of drought development. At the start of drought stress, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of cotton leaves decreased significantly. As drought stress progressed, the differences in the values of each parameter stabilized, which indicated that cotton could improve its drought resistance adaptability by adjusting photosynthetic rate in the face of persistent drought. The critical soil relative moisture was 46%-52% and the corresponding leaf moisture content was 70.8%-71.3% when the photosynthetic characteristic parameters of cotton were significantly reduced due to drought. With the occurrence and development of drought, the soil moisture was 41%±1% and the corresponding leaf water content was 66.1%±0.3% when the leaf photosynthesis changed from stomatal restriction to non-stomatal restriction. The results of this study can provide reference for identification of drought occurrence degree of oasis cotton field under mulched drip irrigation and the selection of different time nodes to take different degrees of rehydration measures.

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Interaction Between Plant Growth Regulator and Fungicide to Control Cotton Fusarium wilt and the Synergy Mechanism

ZHENG Deyou, ZUO Dongyun, WANG Qiaolian, LV Limin, CHENG Hailiang, GU Aixing, SONG Guoli

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (18): 136-141. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0576

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We designed this study to explore the combination of plant growth regulator and fungicide, which could benefit the cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt. Moreover, the synergy mechanism of the combination was investigated, to provide insights into enhancing cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt. Through indoor toxicity test, two fungicides with the minimum EC₅₀ were selected. The most suitable plant growth regulators were also identified by seed vigor testing and conidial germination statistic of Fusarium wilt. The combination of fungicide and plant growth regulator was applied during the plant growth in greenhouse to evaluate the synergy effect. To explore the mechanism underlying the combination of fungicide and plant growth regulator, we detected the expression levels of genes involving in jasmonic acid-related and salicylic acid-related pathways by qRT-PCR. The results of fungicide selection showed that carbendazim and carboxin had the minimum EC₅₀ and the strongest virulence to Fusarium wilt, the EC₅₀ was 13.894 mg/L and 29.566 mg/L, respectively. Plant growth regulator selection indicated that the optimal concentration 6-Benzylaminopurine and naphthylacetic acid was 5 mg/L and 50 mg/L, respectively. Finally, the most suitable combination was 6-Benzylaminopurine-carbendazim, which had the control effect of 80.95% and significant synergy effect. The results of qRT-PCR also showed that genes in jasmonic acid-related and salicylic acid-related pathways had significantly higher expression levels in the treated group than those in blank control group. In conclusion, the 6-Benzylaminopurine-carbendazim combination could enhance the cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt by activating transcription of genes in jasmonic acid-related and salicylic acid-related pathways.

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Stress Resistance of Cotton: Establishing the Identification Technical Standard System

ZHENG Shufeng, WANG Yanqin, XU Daoqing, PENG Jun, KAN Huachun, LIU Xiaoling, WANG Wei, CHEN Min, LI Shuying

Journal of Agriculture 2023, 13 (6): 5-10. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0087

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Cotton is a major cash crop in China, which is widely distributed, has a long production cycle and is greatly affected by abiotic stresses. Breeding and screening cotton varieties with strong stress resistance are the main ways to reduce stress disasters, and the study on abiotic stress resistance identification techniques and standards of cotton varieties is crucial. For this purpose, this paper summarized basic methods of crop stress resistance identification at home and abroad in recent years, as well as the identification contents, identification periods, identification methods, identification indicators and stress determination levels of five common and frequent abiotic stresses (ecological stresses) of cotton, such as drought, waterlogging, salinization, high temperature and heat injury, and cold and chilly injury. The paper also summed up basic principles, framework and content for formulating stress identification standards and establishing the standard system. The basic ideas for further research are proposed, mainly including fast, convenient and non-destructive stress resistance identification based on new technologies such as Spectrum/Hyperspectrum, stress resistance identification under complex stresses, and direct location of relevant stress resistance genes by molecular biology for identifying stress resistance.

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Study on Technical Efficiency Measurement and Influencing Factors of Cotton Production in Manas County of Xinjiang

QI Huan, LI Jinmei

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (17): 147-155. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0716

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To understand the technical efficiency of cotton production in Manas County and its influencing factors, this study measured the technical efficiency of production by using DEA model on input-output data of 350 cotton farmers in Manas County, Xinjiang in 2020, and empirically analyzed the factors affecting the technical efficiency of cotton production in Manas County by using Tobit model. The results showed that the average technical efficiency of cotton production in Manas County in 2020 was 82.50%, and the maximum value of technical efficiency of cotton production in each township was 100% and the minimum value was 35.40%. The empirical results showed that cotton production technical efficiency was influenced by the amount of subsidies, mechanization level, whether to participate in technical training, profit per hectare of cotton, whether to join cooperatives, education level, planting scale and whether to work outside. It is concluded that the following aspects should be taken into consideration to improve the technical efficiency of cotton production in Manas County: (1) change the cotton production method to help improve the quality of cotton production; (2) increase the cotton target price subsidy and continue to deepen the reform of the target price subsidy policy; (3) conduct moderate scale operation to achieve the optimal allocation of production factors; (4) intensify the technical training and guidance for cotton farmers.

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