观赏植物类胡萝卜素多样性及调控花色研究进展

doi:10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0117

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

文章列举了自然界中常见的类胡萝卜素的种类、结构与颜色，并着眼于类胡萝卜素为主要色素成分的观赏植物，分析了不同观赏植物物种、同一物种不同颜色品种之间花瓣中类胡萝卜素在成分与含量上的差异，讨论了花色差异与类胡萝卜素组分之间的关系，从中找到一定规律。笔者进一步从基因水平上分析了观赏植物类胡萝卜素生物合成途径相关基因及转录因子的上调或下调表达对花色的影响，总结了通过基因工程调控类胡萝卜素的合成与分解代谢从而改变观赏植物花色的实际案例，为将来利用分子生物学技术准确、定向地改变植物花色、培育较高观赏价值的花卉品种提供了思路。

关键词: 类胡萝卜素, 含量, 生物合成, 基因工程, 花色育种

Abstract:

In this review, we listed the types, structures and colors of common carotenoids in nature, and focused on the ornamental plants with carotenoids as the main pigment components. The differences in composition and content of carotenoids in petals of different ornamental plant species and different color varieties were illustrated with examples, and the relationship between flower color and carotenoid components were discussed. Moreover, the effect of genes expression level related to carotenoid biosynthesis pathway on flower color were analyzed, and the cases that changing flower color by regulating the synthesis and degradation of carotenoids through genetic engineering were reviewed. Overall, we provided ideas of regulating carotenoid components and contents to accurately and directionally change plant flower colors to obtain new flower varieties with high ornamental value.

Key words: carotenoids, contents, biosynthesis, genetic engineering, flower color breeding

李玺, 岳志强. 观赏植物类胡萝卜素多样性及调控花色研究进展[J]. 农学学报, 2023, 13(11): 60-66.

LI Xi, YUE Zhiqiang. Diversity and Color Regulation of Carotenoids Composition in Ornamental Plants[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2023, 13(11): 60-66.

图/表 2

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类胡萝卜素名称	m/z	紫外光谱最大吸收波长/nm	颜色
八氢番茄红素	544.50	无	无色
ζ-胡萝卜素	540.47	acetonitrile/methanol/THF (58:35:7) 237, 294, 381, 401, 426	柠檬黄
番茄红素	536.44	hexane 286, 295, 425, 448, 476, 507	亮粉色/砖红色
α-胡萝卜素	536.87	Petro 420, 444, 473； methanol 335, 422, 442, 471	橙色
β-胡萝卜素	536.44	hexane 425, 450, 478	棕黄色/橙色
γ-胡萝卜素	536.44	acetonitrile/methanol/THF (58:35:7) 284, 356, 440, 462, 492	粉棕色
叶黄素	568.84	dioxane 429, 453, 482; methanol 330, 422, 443, 470	黄绿色/棕色
β-隐黄质	552.43	methanol 272, 447, 473	黄色
玉米黄质	568.43	hexane 452, 480; methanol 275, 341, 429, 448, 473	黄色
花药黄质	584.42	diethyl ether/ isopentane/ ethanol (5:5:2) 269, 332, 422, 445, 473	黄色
紫黄质	600.85	EPA 265.5, 414.5, 437, 467; methanol 326, 415, 436, 466	黄色
新黄质	600.42	ethanol 471, 442, 418, 329, 265; benzene 482, 452, 426, 336, 274	黄色
辣椒红素	584.42	hexane 288, 355, 452, 470, 497	橙红色
辣椒玉红素	600.42	hexane 297, 423, 445, 471, 505; benzene 303, 435, 445, 461, 487, 521	橙红色

类胡萝卜素名称	m/z	紫外光谱最大吸收波长/nm	颜色
八氢番茄红素	544.50	无	无色
ζ-胡萝卜素	540.47	acetonitrile/methanol/THF (58:35:7) 237, 294, 381, 401, 426	柠檬黄
番茄红素	536.44	hexane 286, 295, 425, 448, 476, 507	亮粉色/砖红色
α-胡萝卜素	536.87	Petro 420, 444, 473； methanol 335, 422, 442, 471	橙色
β-胡萝卜素	536.44	hexane 425, 450, 478	棕黄色/橙色
γ-胡萝卜素	536.44	acetonitrile/methanol/THF (58:35:7) 284, 356, 440, 462, 492	粉棕色
叶黄素	568.84	dioxane 429, 453, 482; methanol 330, 422, 443, 470	黄绿色/棕色
β-隐黄质	552.43	methanol 272, 447, 473	黄色
玉米黄质	568.43	hexane 452, 480; methanol 275, 341, 429, 448, 473	黄色
花药黄质	584.42	diethyl ether/ isopentane/ ethanol (5:5:2) 269, 332, 422, 445, 473	黄色
紫黄质	600.85	EPA 265.5, 414.5, 437, 467; methanol 326, 415, 436, 466	黄色
新黄质	600.42	ethanol 471, 442, 418, 329, 265; benzene 482, 452, 426, 336, 274	黄色
辣椒红素	584.42	hexane 288, 355, 452, 470, 497	橙红色
辣椒玉红素	600.42	hexane 297, 423, 445, 471, 505; benzene 303, 435, 445, 461, 487, 521	橙红色

植物类别	拉丁文名	品种	颜色	大量类胡萝卜素成分	少量类胡萝卜素成分
水仙	Narcissus pseudonarcissus	Slim Whitman	白色/浅黄色	叶黄素	β-胡萝卜素、紫黄质等
水仙	Narcissus pseudonarcissus	Pinza	黄色/橙红色	β-胡萝卜素、叶黄素	新黄质等
菊花	Chrysanthemum morifolium	Hwiparam	黄色	叶黄素	β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄质等
菊花	Chrysanthemum morifolium	Weol	黄色到橙红色	叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素	玉米黄质、隐黄质等
文心兰	Oncidium hybridum	Gower Ramsey	黄色	紫黄质、新黄质	叶黄素
文心兰	Oncidium hybridum	Sunkist	橙色	β-胡萝卜素、紫黄质、新黄质	叶黄素
桂花	Osmanthus fragrans	银桂	浅黄色	—	β-胡萝卜素
	Osmanthus fragrans	金桂	金黄色	叶黄素	α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素
	Osmanthus fragrans	橙红丹桂	橙红色	α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素	叶黄素
百合	Lilium spp.	Connecticut king	黄色	花药黄质、紫黄质、叶黄素	β-胡萝卜
	Lilium spp.	Montreux	粉色	紫黄质	叶黄素、花药黄质、β-胡萝卜素
	Lilium spp.	Saija	红色	辣椒红素	花药黄质
	Lolium lancifolium	Splendens	橙红色	辣椒红素、辣椒玉红素	紫黄质、新黄质、叶黄素
金盏花	Calendula officinalis	Alice Yellow	黄色	α-胡萝卜素、δ-胡萝卜素、叶黄素	γ-胡萝卜素等
金盏花	Calendula officinalis	Alice Orange	橙色	番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素、叶黄素	γ-胡萝卜素等
龙胆花	Gentiana lutea	Lutea	黄色	叶黄素	β-胡萝卜素、新黄质、花药黄质等
龙胆花	Gentiana lutea	Aurantiaca	橙色	叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素	α-胡萝卜素、新黄质、花药黄质、隐黄质等
万寿菊	Osteospermum ecklonis	Mikey	黄色	—	番茄红素、叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素
万寿菊	Osteospermum ecklonis	Jury	橙色	番茄红素	叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素
石斛	Dendrobium chrysotoxum	—	明黄	玉米黄质、叶黄素、花药黄质	β-胡萝卜素
	Dendrobium thyrsiflorum	—	白色	—	叶黄素
	Dendrobium densiflorum	—	淡黄色	叶黄素	隐黄素

植物类别	拉丁文名	品种	颜色	大量类胡萝卜素成分	少量类胡萝卜素成分
水仙	Narcissus pseudonarcissus	Slim Whitman	白色/浅黄色	叶黄素	β-胡萝卜素、紫黄质等
水仙	Narcissus pseudonarcissus	Pinza	黄色/橙红色	β-胡萝卜素、叶黄素	新黄质等
菊花	Chrysanthemum morifolium	Hwiparam	黄色	叶黄素	β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄质等
菊花	Chrysanthemum morifolium	Weol	黄色到橙红色	叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素	玉米黄质、隐黄质等
文心兰	Oncidium hybridum	Gower Ramsey	黄色	紫黄质、新黄质	叶黄素
文心兰	Oncidium hybridum	Sunkist	橙色	β-胡萝卜素、紫黄质、新黄质	叶黄素
桂花	Osmanthus fragrans	银桂	浅黄色	—	β-胡萝卜素
	Osmanthus fragrans	金桂	金黄色	叶黄素	α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素
	Osmanthus fragrans	橙红丹桂	橙红色	α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素	叶黄素
百合	Lilium spp.	Connecticut king	黄色	花药黄质、紫黄质、叶黄素	β-胡萝卜
	Lilium spp.	Montreux	粉色	紫黄质	叶黄素、花药黄质、β-胡萝卜素
	Lilium spp.	Saija	红色	辣椒红素	花药黄质
	Lolium lancifolium	Splendens	橙红色	辣椒红素、辣椒玉红素	紫黄质、新黄质、叶黄素
金盏花	Calendula officinalis	Alice Yellow	黄色	α-胡萝卜素、δ-胡萝卜素、叶黄素	γ-胡萝卜素等
金盏花	Calendula officinalis	Alice Orange	橙色	番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素、叶黄素	γ-胡萝卜素等
龙胆花	Gentiana lutea	Lutea	黄色	叶黄素	β-胡萝卜素、新黄质、花药黄质等
龙胆花	Gentiana lutea	Aurantiaca	橙色	叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素	α-胡萝卜素、新黄质、花药黄质、隐黄质等
万寿菊	Osteospermum ecklonis	Mikey	黄色	—	番茄红素、叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素
万寿菊	Osteospermum ecklonis	Jury	橙色	番茄红素	叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素
石斛	Dendrobium chrysotoxum	—	明黄	玉米黄质、叶黄素、花药黄质	β-胡萝卜素
	Dendrobium thyrsiflorum	—	白色	—	叶黄素
	Dendrobium densiflorum	—	淡黄色	叶黄素	隐黄素