Study on Morphological Characteristics and Geographic Population Differentiation of Apis cerana cerana in Yuexi and Jingxian Counties of Anhui Province

doi:10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2025-0082

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to clarify the population characteristics of Apis cerana cerana in Yuexi County and Jingxian County of Anhui Province, and accurately reveal its population differentiation in Anhui Province, this study carried out relevant experiments. Twenty honeybee colonies were sampled from each region (15 adult worker bees per colony). Thirty-eight morphological traits were measured using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using SPSS23.0, including variance, cluster, discriminant, factor, and correlation analyses. Significant morphological differentiation was observed between the two populations (P<0.05). Twelve key morphological indices including hind-leg, tergum, and forewing width，exhibited positive correlations with latitude, altitude, and mean annual rainfall. Conversely, pigmentation indices showed a negative correlation with altitude. Principal sources of morphological variation were identified as hind-leg length (accounting for 11.69% of total variance), scutellum pigmentation (6.21%), width of the pubescent band on tergum (5.38%), and forewing length and width (4.82%). Cluster analysis revealed that the samples from the two counties independently grouped into two distinct clusters. Apis cerana cerana exhibits significant morphological diversity between Yuexi and Jingxian. The high-altitude environment of Yuexi appears to select for larger body size and darker pigmentation. Significant geographical differentiation exists between the populations, providing a foundation for classifying geographical populations of Apis cerana cerana within Anhui Province.

Key words: Yuexi, Jingxian, Apis cerana cerana, morphological characteristics, population differentiation, environmental factors

DAI Junjun, SHU Rui, SUN Xin, LIU Yaoyao, QU Yuli. Study on Morphological Characteristics and Geographic Population Differentiation of Apis cerana cerana in Yuexi and Jingxian Counties of Anhui Province[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2025, 15(11): 72-80.

Figures/Tables 7

References 35

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采样点	岳西	泾县
蜂群编号	YX₁~YX₁₀	JX₁~JX₁₀
饲养方式	活框	活框
经度(E)	116.31~116.46	116.39~119.34
纬度(N)	30.87~30.90	29.27~31.15
海拔/m	404.2~575	96~241
年平均气温/℃	14~14.5	15~16
年降水量/mm	1510	1187~1767

采样点	岳西	泾县
蜂群编号	YX₁~YX₁₀	JX₁~JX₁₀
饲养方式	活框	活框
经度(E)	116.31~116.46	116.39~119.34
纬度(N)	30.87~30.90	29.27~31.15
海拔/m	404.2~575	96~241
年平均气温/℃	14~14.5	15~16
年降水量/mm	1510	1187~1767

形态指标	采样点
形态指标	YX_A(YX₁-YX₅)		YX_B(YX₆-YX₁₀)		JX_A(JX₁-JX₅)		JX_B(JX₆-JX₁₀)
第四背板绒毛带宽度4A	0.892±0.110^c		0.915±0.094^bc		0.943±0.116^ab		0.957±0.087^a
第四背板绒毛带至背板后缘的宽度4B	0.863±0.124^b		0.842±0.090^b		0.782±0.113^a		0.789±0.100^a
第五背板覆毛长度5h	0.248±0.036^a		0.242±0.035^a		0.248±0.032^a		0.248±0.024^a
后翅钩数Nh	17.560±1.378^ab		17.694±1.479^a		17.268±1.245^ab		17.214±1.308^b
第二背板色度P2	5.947±0.543^c		6.228±0.709^c		6.907±1.153^b		7.453±1.106^a
第三背板色度P3	7.640±0.729^a		7.133±0.949^b		7.440±1.130^a		7.547±0.963^a
第四背板色度P4	7.253±0.718^c		7.507±0.529^b		7.867±0.553^a		7.733±0.600^a
小盾片Sc区色度	5.507±2.698^c		7.093±2.126^ab		6.533±2.146^b		7.587±1.326^a
小盾片K区色度	1.813±1.991^c		2.853±1.806^b		3.693±1.874^a		3.373±1.985^ab
小盾片B区色度		1.720±1.835^b	2.733±1.687^a	3.053±1.635^a		2.600±1.786^a
吻长Pr		5.100±0.222^a	5.059±0.175^a	4.921±0.172^b		4.936±0.227^b
前翅长FL		8.624±0.171^a	8.510±0.131^b	8.369±0.138^c		8.365±0.149^c
前翅宽FB		3.045±0.075^a	2.993±0.060^b	2.911±0.243^c		2.942±0.059^c
前翅翅脉角A4		32.224±2.245^a	31.298±4.125^ab	30.166±3.711^bc		30.830±1.975^c
前翅翅脉角B4		103.812±4.206^b	104.332±4.831^b	106.719±5.158^a		107.644±4.947^a
前翅翅脉角D7		94.712±2.510^ab	94.007±2.660^b	95.164±3.501^a		95.470±3.058^a
前翅翅脉角E9		20.099±1.482^a	19.955±1.366^a	19.924±1.417^a		19.909±1.677^a
前翅翅脉角J10		49.292±3.787^ab	48.278±4.073^b	49.727±5.100^a		50.607±3.909^a
前翅翅脉角L13		14.264±1.665^b	13.916±1.643^b	14.436±1.611^b		15.065±1.716^a
前翅翅脉角J16		107.366±4.269^a	107.722±3.682^a	108.391±3.619^a		107.329±4.513^a
前翅翅脉角G18		89.854±3.827^a	88.078±3.848^b	88.578±3.493^b		86.891±3.035^c
前翅翅脉角K19		79.026±3.255^a	78.624±3.170^a	79.581±3.659^a		79.136±3.245^a
前翅翅脉角N23		90.919±3.718^a	90.518±4.695^a	91.220±4.323^a		91.318±4.682^a
前翅翅脉角O26		31.447±4.642^b	33.821±4.039^a	33.648±4.067^a		34.347±3.964^a
肘脉指数Ci		3.619±0.694^b	3.844±0.745^a	3.483±0.605^bc		3.312±0.533^c
第三腹板长S3		2.590±0.080^a	2.584±0.069^a	2.530±0.075^b		2.544±0.085^b
第三腹板蜡镜长WL		1.299±0.062^a	1.291±0.052^a	1.232±0.048^b		1.268±0.174^a
第三腹板蜡镜斜长WT		2.187±0.087^a	2.183±0.080^a	2.092±0.089^b		2.074±0.245^b
第三腹板蜡镜间距离WD		0.232±0.062^b	0.240±0.054^b	0.268±0.053^a		0.274±0.048^a
第六腹板长L6		2.420±0.083^a	2.391±0.082^b	2.371±0.064^b		2.381±0.074^b
第六腹板宽T6		2.896±0.093^a	2.859±0.081^b	2.814±0.074^c		2.778±0.076^d
第二背板长T2		2.056±0.064^a	2.056±0.080^a	2.018±0.071^b		2.040±0.078^ab
第三背板长T3		1.863±0.063^b	1.882±0.056^a	1.832±0.053^c		1.851±0.051^b
第四背板长T4		1.804±0.065^a	1.816±0.053^a	1.800±0.053^a		1.805±0.046^a
后足股节长Ti		2.345±0.068^a	2.336±0.062^a	2.312±0.072^b		2.337±0.081^a
后足胫节宽MW		3.144±0.078^a	3.119±0.084^b	3.060±0.058^c		3.038±0.078^c
后足基跗节长ML		1.938±0.071^a	1.924±0.057^ab	1.907±0.057^c		1.906±0.054^c
后足基跗节宽MT		1.108±0.048^a	1.089±0.045^b	1.071±0.037^c		1.055±0.042^d

形态指标	采样点
形态指标	YX_A(YX₁-YX₅)		YX_B(YX₆-YX₁₀)		JX_A(JX₁-JX₅)		JX_B(JX₆-JX₁₀)
第四背板绒毛带宽度4A	0.892±0.110^c		0.915±0.094^bc		0.943±0.116^ab		0.957±0.087^a
第四背板绒毛带至背板后缘的宽度4B	0.863±0.124^b		0.842±0.090^b		0.782±0.113^a		0.789±0.100^a
第五背板覆毛长度5h	0.248±0.036^a		0.242±0.035^a		0.248±0.032^a		0.248±0.024^a
后翅钩数Nh	17.560±1.378^ab		17.694±1.479^a		17.268±1.245^ab		17.214±1.308^b
第二背板色度P2	5.947±0.543^c		6.228±0.709^c		6.907±1.153^b		7.453±1.106^a
第三背板色度P3	7.640±0.729^a		7.133±0.949^b		7.440±1.130^a		7.547±0.963^a
第四背板色度P4	7.253±0.718^c		7.507±0.529^b		7.867±0.553^a		7.733±0.600^a
小盾片Sc区色度	5.507±2.698^c		7.093±2.126^ab		6.533±2.146^b		7.587±1.326^a
小盾片K区色度	1.813±1.991^c		2.853±1.806^b		3.693±1.874^a		3.373±1.985^ab
小盾片B区色度		1.720±1.835^b	2.733±1.687^a	3.053±1.635^a		2.600±1.786^a
吻长Pr		5.100±0.222^a	5.059±0.175^a	4.921±0.172^b		4.936±0.227^b
前翅长FL		8.624±0.171^a	8.510±0.131^b	8.369±0.138^c		8.365±0.149^c
前翅宽FB		3.045±0.075^a	2.993±0.060^b	2.911±0.243^c		2.942±0.059^c
前翅翅脉角A4		32.224±2.245^a	31.298±4.125^ab	30.166±3.711^bc		30.830±1.975^c
前翅翅脉角B4		103.812±4.206^b	104.332±4.831^b	106.719±5.158^a		107.644±4.947^a
前翅翅脉角D7		94.712±2.510^ab	94.007±2.660^b	95.164±3.501^a		95.470±3.058^a
前翅翅脉角E9		20.099±1.482^a	19.955±1.366^a	19.924±1.417^a		19.909±1.677^a
前翅翅脉角J10		49.292±3.787^ab	48.278±4.073^b	49.727±5.100^a		50.607±3.909^a
前翅翅脉角L13		14.264±1.665^b	13.916±1.643^b	14.436±1.611^b		15.065±1.716^a
前翅翅脉角J16		107.366±4.269^a	107.722±3.682^a	108.391±3.619^a		107.329±4.513^a
前翅翅脉角G18		89.854±3.827^a	88.078±3.848^b	88.578±3.493^b		86.891±3.035^c
前翅翅脉角K19		79.026±3.255^a	78.624±3.170^a	79.581±3.659^a		79.136±3.245^a
前翅翅脉角N23		90.919±3.718^a	90.518±4.695^a	91.220±4.323^a		91.318±4.682^a
前翅翅脉角O26		31.447±4.642^b	33.821±4.039^a	33.648±4.067^a		34.347±3.964^a
肘脉指数Ci		3.619±0.694^b	3.844±0.745^a	3.483±0.605^bc		3.312±0.533^c
第三腹板长S3		2.590±0.080^a	2.584±0.069^a	2.530±0.075^b		2.544±0.085^b
第三腹板蜡镜长WL		1.299±0.062^a	1.291±0.052^a	1.232±0.048^b		1.268±0.174^a
第三腹板蜡镜斜长WT		2.187±0.087^a	2.183±0.080^a	2.092±0.089^b		2.074±0.245^b
第三腹板蜡镜间距离WD		0.232±0.062^b	0.240±0.054^b	0.268±0.053^a		0.274±0.048^a
第六腹板长L6		2.420±0.083^a	2.391±0.082^b	2.371±0.064^b		2.381±0.074^b
第六腹板宽T6		2.896±0.093^a	2.859±0.081^b	2.814±0.074^c		2.778±0.076^d
第二背板长T2		2.056±0.064^a	2.056±0.080^a	2.018±0.071^b		2.040±0.078^ab
第三背板长T3		1.863±0.063^b	1.882±0.056^a	1.832±0.053^c		1.851±0.051^b
第四背板长T4		1.804±0.065^a	1.816±0.053^a	1.800±0.053^a		1.805±0.046^a
后足股节长Ti		2.345±0.068^a	2.336±0.062^a	2.312±0.072^b		2.337±0.081^a
后足胫节宽MW		3.144±0.078^a	3.119±0.084^b	3.060±0.058^c		3.038±0.078^c
后足基跗节长ML		1.938±0.071^a	1.924±0.057^ab	1.907±0.057^c		1.906±0.054^c
后足基跗节宽MT		1.108±0.048^a	1.089±0.045^b	1.071±0.037^c		1.055±0.042^d

形态指标	经度	纬度		海拔		年平均气温	年降水量
第四背板绒毛带宽度4A	0.183	-0.179		-0.19		0.19	-0.185
第四背板绒毛带至背板后缘的宽度4B	-0.622^**	0.613^**		0.631^**		-0.636^**	0.627^**
第五背板覆毛长度5h	0.064	-0.073		-0.007		0.027	-0.057
后翅钩数Nh	-0.399	0.403		0.349		-0.371	0.395
第二背板色度P2	0.849^**	-0.836^**		-0.865^**		0.871^**	-0.857^**
第三背板色度P3	0.014	-0.032		0.091		-0.056	0.000
第四背板色度P4	0.577^**	-0.559^*		-0.633^**		0.622^**	-0.588^**
小盾片Sc区色度	0.18	-0.15		-0.335		0.285	-0.202
小盾片K区色度	0.303	-0.278		-0.42		0.384	-0.32
小盾片B区色度	0.264	-0.244		-0.359		0.331	-0.278
吻长Pr	-0.714^**	0.702^**		0.731^**		-0.734^**	0.721^**
前翅长FL	-0.789^**	0.766^**		0.865^**		-0.850^**	0.804^**
前翅宽FB	-0.734^**	0.712^**		0.805^**		-0.790^**	0.748^**
前翅翅脉角A4	-0.677^**	0.670^**		0.670^**		-0.681^**	0.681^**
前翅翅脉角B4	0.797^**	-0.791^**		-0.776^**		0.794^**	-0.799^**
前翅翅脉角D7	0.574^**	-0.587^**		-0.464^*		0.509^*	-0.563^**
前翅翅脉角E9	-0.123	0.115		0.157		-0.147	0.128
前翅翅脉角J10	0.566^**		-0.577^**		-0.469^*	0.510^*	-0.557^*
前翅翅脉角L13	0.356		-0.367		-0.274	0.307	-0.348
前翅翅脉角J16	0.245		-0.226		-0.331	0.305	-0.258
前翅翅脉角G18	-0.402		0.373		0.535^*	-0.495^*	0.422
前翅翅脉角K19	0.359		-0.359		-0.332	0.346	-0.358
前翅翅脉角N23	0.19		-0.188		-0.192	0.194	-0.192
前翅翅脉角O26	0.431		-0.394		-0.607^**	0.553^*	-0.456^*
肘脉指数Ci	-0.536^*		0.545^*		0.448^*	-0.485^*	0.528^*
第三腹板长S3	-0.506^*		0.501^*		0.494^*	-0.504^*	0.507^*
第三腹板蜡镜长WL	-0.487^*		0.482^*		0.481^*	-0.490^*	0.490^*
第三腹板蜡镜斜长WT	-0.732^**		0.728^**		0.704^**	-0.723^**	0.733^**
第三腹板蜡镜间距离WD	0.609^**		-0.602^**		-0.605^**	0.615^**	-0.612^**
第六腹板长L6	-0.273		0.249		0.385	-0.35	0.289
第六腹板宽T6	-0.703^**		0.686^**		0.749^**	-0.743^**	0.714^**
第二背板长T2	-0.378		0.374		0.375	-0.381	0.380
第三背板长T3	-0.422		0.431		0.343	-0.376	0.415
第四背板长T4	-0.165		0.176		0.096	-0.122	0.157
后足胫节长Ti	-0.256		0.247		0.291	-0.282	0.262
后足胫节宽MW	-0.714^**		0.701^**		0.734^**	-0.736^**	0.721^**
后足基跗节长ML	-0.356		0.344		0.398	-0.389	0.364
后足基跗节宽MT	-0.650^**		0.630^**		0.714^**	-0.701^**	0.662^**