Abstract: Abstrct: In this paper, we have described the development history of cotton production in Hunan province,And mainly reviewed the process of Hunan cotton production since founding. We summarized the characteristics of cotton production and fluctuation pattern in our province through comparative analysis data of total lint yield, planting area and lint yield in decades. We found that some factors including raw cotton demands, economic benefits and cultured areas, cotton variety improvement, science and technology innovation and application were the key factor of unit yield increasing. At the same time, we also prospected on production in future on the basis of new situation of cotton and pointed out that entire mechanization is the main development direction in Hunan.