Abstract: In this research, 540 soybean varieties had been used for cultivation and investigation of important agronomic traits, the genetic similarity coefficient between the varieties were analyzed, and the major agronomic traits related with yield and quality were mined by path analysis. The research results show that: The genetic similarity coefficient of soybean varieties resources was from 0.526 to 13.347. The average similarity coefficient was 3.761. There were 211 varieties with the average similarity coefficient larger than the total average. This result showed that the genetic basis of the Northeast soybean varieties was very narrow, and need to expand. Simple correlation coefficient analysis had been done for eight agronomic traits of soybean. The seed weight and pod number correlation was the maxmium (correlation coefficient 0.758), followed were protein content and seed weight per plant (0.274) , protein content and 100-seed weight (0.218), the number of effective branches and pod number (0.198), oil content and 100-seed weight (0.18), protein content and pod number (0.142), kernel weight and 100-seed weight per plant (0.142), the number of branches and plant height (0.103), effective number of branches and oil content (0.1), effective branch number and seed weight per plant (0.083), pod number and plant height (0.077), other traits were negative correlation. So the yield of most soybean varieties in the northeast region were mainly affected by the pod number, seed weight, protein content, and the effective number of branches. The path analysis had been done with six important traits for 540 varieties. The results showed that: pod number and 100-seed weight were the direct contribution to the individual plant yield. The increasing of pod number attributed to the protein content and effective number of branches increasing, and the increasing of 100-seed weight attributed to the plant height decreasing. The path coefficient order was: pod number (0.814), followed kernel weight (0.367), oil content (-0.117), height (0.032), the effective number of branches (-0.022), and protein content (0.008). According to the control variety, evaluation of breeding value had been done for 540 soybean germplasm. The following varieties with prominent germplasm for yield were: ‘Heinong 19’, ‘Longheidadou 2’, ‘Longpinhei 09-518’. With large seed size weight germplasm were: ‘Jiunong 14’, ‘Changnong 15’, ‘Lingyin 2’, ‘Nenliang 6’. With high oil content germplasm were: ‘Kennong18’, ‘Changnong 17’, ‘Kenfeng 6’, ‘Jiufeng 10’, ‘Kenjiandou 15’. With high protein content germplasm were: ‘Yongjisihuazhuyandou’, ‘Baimoshidou’, ‘Xiaolimoshidou’, ‘Lvpiaoheidou’, ‘Binxianheidou’ and ‘Jilin27’.