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农学学报

农学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (3): 82-92.doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0007

• 农业信息 农业气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

气象条件对河套地区向日葵品质的影响

刘伟1,2(), 包佳婧1,2(), 刘艳丽1,2   

  1. 1 内蒙古巴彦淖尔市气象局，内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015000
    2 中国气象局乌梁素海湿地生态气象野外科学试验基地，内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015000
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-12 修回日期:2024-10-23 出版日期:2025-03-20 发布日期:2025-03-18
  • 通讯作者:
    包佳婧，女，1987年出生，内蒙古临河人，工程师，硕士，研究方向：应用气象。通信地址：015000 内蒙古临河区曙光街临河区气象局，Tel：0478-8272352，18648414302，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    刘伟，男，1966年出生，内蒙古四王子旗人，高级工程师，本科，研究方向：农业气象科研。通信地址：015000 内蒙古临河区曙光街临河区气象，Tel：0478-8272352，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(2022ZY0145); 内蒙古自然科学基金(2022MS04017); 内蒙古自治区气象局科技创新项目灌溉预报在河套地区玉米滴灌中的应用(nmqxkjcx202312); 向日葵菌核病气象等级预报方法(nmqxkjcx202435)

Effects of Meteorological Conditions on Sunflower Quality in Hetao Irrigation Area

LIU Wei1,2(), BAO Jiajing1,2(), LIU Yanli1,2   

  1. 1 Inner Mongolia Bayannaoer Meteorological Bureau, Bayannaoer Inner Mongolia 015000
    2 Ulansuhai Wetland Ecological Meteorological Field Scientific Experimental Base of China Meteorological Administration, Bayannaoer Inner Mongolia 015000
  • Received:2024-01-12 Revised:2024-10-23 Online:2025-03-20 Published:2025-03-18

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摘要：

为了研究气象条件对河套灌区向日葵籽仁内在品质和籽粒外观品质的影响，本研究采用分期播种试验，记录向日葵发育期，并化验向日葵籽仁亚油酸、油酸等物质的含量。同时，统计向日葵籽粒锈斑发病率、病情指数和葵螟蛀食率，利用Excel分析向日葵籽粒内在品质和籽粒外观品质与气象条件的数值关系。研究表明，开花—成熟期水汽压、相对湿度、日均气温、日照时数、日均最高气温、日均最低气温、降水量各气候因子与向日葵亚油酸、油酸含量密切相关。对亚油酸的影响多数呈开口向下的抛物线特征；对油酸和葵螟啃食率的影响多数呈开口向上的抛物线特征，对籽粒锈斑病发病率的影响多数呈指数曲线下降趋势。播种期早晚对向日葵内在品质和外观均有明显影响，兼顾2种都高的播期，应该选在5月25日—6月2日为最佳播期；开花—成熟期日照时数为393.3~396.4.8 h时，可大幅提升向日葵亚油酸含量，降低油酸含量；开花—成熟期平均相对湿度为58%~59%时，向日葵的品质能够明显提升；开花—成熟期平均气温为19.0~20.8℃时，向日葵内在品质和外观均有明显提升；开花—成熟期降水量对向日葵品质有明显影响，当降水量为42~44 mm时，可大幅提升向日葵的亚油酸含量；当降水量为46.9 mm时，葵螟啃食率最低；开花—成熟期降水量、相对湿度、水汽压均与向日葵锈斑病发生指数呈负相关关系，随着水分和湿度的增多，喜旱害虫蓟马数量锐减，因而，锈斑病发病指数随之减少。此项研究在指导向日葵种植优化产品满足市场需求以及促进健康方面将发挥重要作用。

关键词: 向日葵, 气象条件, 籽仁, 亚油酸, 油酸, 葵籽粒锈斑, 籽仁内在品质, 葵螟蛀食率, 籽粒外观品质

Abstract:

In order to study the effects of meteorological conditions on the internal quality and appearance quality of sunflower seed kernels in Hetao Irrigation District, using the staged sowing experiment to record the development period of sunflowers, and the contents of linoleic acid and oleic acid in sunflower kernels were tested. The incidence of sunflower kernel rust spots, disease index and sunflower borer feeding rate were counted. Using Excel, the numerical relationship between the internal and external quality of sunflower kernel and meteorological conditions was analyzed. The results showed that the sowing date had obvious influence on the inner quality and appearance of sunflower. Considering these two aspects, the best sowing date should be from May 25 to June 2. When the sunshine duration from flowering to maturity was 393.3-396.4.8 h, the content of linoleic acid could be greatly increased and the content of oleic acid could be reduced. When the average relative humidity from flowering to maturity was 58%-59%, the quality of sunflower could be significantly improved. When the average temperature from flowering to maturity was 19.0-20.8℃, the inner quality and appearance of sunflower were obviously improved. Precipitation from flowering to maturity had significant effects on sunflower quality. When precipitation was 42-44 mm, the content of linoleic acid in sunflower was greatly increased. When the precipitation was 46.9 mm, the gnawing rate of moth was the lowest. Precipitation, relative humidity and water vapor pressure at flowering stage were negatively correlated with the occurrence index of sunflower rust spot. With the increase of moisture and humidity, the number of drought-fond pest thrips decreased sharply, so the incidence index of rust spot decreased.

Key words: sunflower, meteorological conditions, seed kernel, linoleic acid, oleic acid, sunflower kernel rust, kernel intrinsic quality, rate of moth eating, kernel appearance quality