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农学学报

农学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (5): 18-25.doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2025-0125

• 农艺科学 生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

采收期对青花椒产量与品质的影响

孙恩虹1,2(), 何永坤3, 刘延1, 张建平3()   

  1. 1 重庆市江津现代农业气象试验站， 重庆 402260
    2 重庆市江津区气象局， 重庆 402260
    3 重庆市气象科学研究所， 重庆 401147
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26 修回日期:2025-12-01 出版日期:2026-05-20 发布日期:2026-05-15
  • 通讯作者:
    张建平，1975年出生，内蒙古乌兰察布人，研究员，博士，从事农业生产系统及其模拟研究。通信地址：401147 重庆市渝北区新牌坊一路68号，Tel：023-89116131，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    孙恩虹，女，1984年出生，山东莘县人，高级工程师，硕士，从事气候变化对农业影响与适应研究。通信地址：402260 重庆市江津区松林路266号，Tel：023-47579114，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    中国气象局创新发展专项“花椒锈病发生期气象条件等级预报技术研发”(CXFZ2021J068); 重庆市气象局业务技术攻关项目“重庆青花椒精细化农业气象关键技术”(YWJSGG-202143); 重庆市气象局业务技术攻关项目“花椒、枇杷、猕猴桃重庆山地特色作物气象服务指标与模型构建”(YWJSGG-202219)

Effects of Harvesting Period on Yield and Quality of Zanthoxylum armatum var. Novemfolius

SUN Enhong1,2(), HE Yongkun3, LIU Yan1, ZHANG Jianping3()   

  1. 1 Jiangjin Modern Agrometeorology Experimental Station, Chongqing 402260
    2 Jiangjin Meteorological Bureau, Chongqing 402260
    3 Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147
  • Received:2025-06-26 Revised:2025-12-01 Online:2026-05-20 Published:2026-05-15

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摘要：

青花椒成熟度直接影响其产量与品质，而当前针对不同用途青花椒的适宜采收期缺乏系统研究，难以满足产业精细化发展需求。为确定不同用途青花椒的适宜采收期，为种植企业和椒农适时采收提供科学参考。本研究以重庆江津九叶青花椒为试材，在果实进入膨大期后（4月12日—7月1日）每6 d左右取一次样，测定不同采收期青花椒的粒径、千粒重、出壳率等产量指标，以及挥发油、麻素含量及组分等品质指标。结果表明：花椒果实粒径在快速膨大期的末期较初期增加77%，粒径膨大结束后花椒千粒重仍显著上升，至6月上旬千粒重较初期显著增加228%，受种籽重量增加的影响，出壳率随采收期的推迟显著降低。花椒果实粒径膨大结束后，挥发油与麻素开始大量积累，含量随采收期的延迟逐渐升高，后期含量趋于稳定，含量变化分别为0.6~2.8 mL/100g、2.5~16.7 mg/g；挥发油中芳樟醇、柠檬烯、月桂烯等主要芳香成分的总含量随采收期逐渐升高而后下降；挥发油中总醇酮含量在6月19日前后达到峰值(58.59%)，之后开始呈缓慢下降趋势。综合考虑青花椒产量与品质指标、栽培与加工特点，酱椒适宜在4月末到5月上旬采收，青花椒挥发油、麻素含量在6月上旬末接近或达到峰值，该时间点之后采摘的保鲜花椒具有更优的品质，干花椒适宜在6月下旬开始采摘，制油花椒适宜在7月中旬开始采摘，以保障花椒油的麻香味浓郁。后续可深入开展青花椒药用成分对气象因子的响应研究，为青花椒高质高效生产提供更全面的技术支撑。

关键词: 九叶青花椒, 采收期, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

This paper aimed to seek the suitable harvesting period for different uses of Zanthoxylum armatum var. Novemfolius, providing reference for enterprises and farmers to determine suitable harvesting time for Z. armatum var. Novemfolius. Z. armatum var. Novemfolius variety ‘Jiuyeqing’ was used as the test material. Samples were collected approximately every 6 days to test yield and quality index, after Z. armatum var. Novemfolius entering fruit expansion period (from April 12th to July 1st). The results showed that the fruit size was increased by 77% at the end of rapid expansion period compared to the beginning of the period. Thousand fruit weight was still increasing after expansion period. By early June, thousand fruit weight was significantly increased by 228% compared to the beginning of the period. The rate of kernel/seed was significantly deceased as a delay of the harvesting period due to increasing seed weight. A mass of volatile oil and amide compounds accumulated after fruit expanded, and content of which showed a rising trend in early stage of harvesting periods and smooth trend in later. In fresh Z. armatum var. Novemfolius, content variations of volatile oil and amide compounds were 0.6-2.8 mL/100 g, 2.5-16.7 mg/g. The total content of main aroma components in volatile oil, such as Linalool, Limonene and Myrcene, increased gradually with the harvest period and then decreased. The trends of total alcohol ketone were rising continuously in early stage and reached the peak at 58.59% on June 19th, and then began to decrease slowly. These conclusions indicate that the suitable time for harvesting Z. armatum var. Novemfolius for sauce is from the end of April to early-May. The suitable time for harvesting fresh Z. armatum var. novemfolius is after early June for better quality, because contents of volatile oil and amide compounds approach or reach the peaks. The suitable time for harvesting Z. armatum var. novemfolius to dry is after late June. The suitable time for harvesting Z. armatum var. novemfolius for oil is mid-July in order to ensure full aroma, numb flavor.

Key words: Zanthoxylum armatum var. Novemfolius, harvest time, yield, quality

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