Abstract: In order to study the costs and benefits of pig production in medium-scale farms, explore the ways to improve the economic benefits of pig industry and guide its development, specific indicators of costs and benefits per pig in medium-scale farms in China were analyzed using the data from 2004 to 2013, and the present situation and changing trend of costs and benefits in medium- scale farms were summarized. The results showed that the material and service cost accounted for more than 90% of the total cost. The increase of feed cost and purchase price of piglet and their big proportion in the cost were the main causes of the rising production costs and low benefits. And there was a great volatility in the benefits of pig production. Finally, policy recommendations including improving breeding technology and research input, promoting the scale management, organizational level and ecological breeding, ensuring food safety and price stability, strengthening industrial chain link were put forward to reduce costs and increase benefits.