Abstract: Since China’s reform and opening up, the agricultural science and technology innovation has achieved fruitful achievements. This paper discusses major agricultural scientific and technological achievements winning the national“Three Awards”, namely the State Natural Science Award, the State Technology Invention Award, and the State Progress Prize in Science, and the popularization effect of the achievements, showing that scientific and technological progress has an increasingly important role in improving China’s agricultural yield and efficiency, raising farmers’income steadily and pushing forward the sustainable development of modern agriculture. However, at the present stage, there are still problems in the transformation and promotion of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in China. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate the mechanism of the transformation and extension of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, formulate the methods of transformation and incentive, and encourage the initiative of farmers and new production and operation subjects to undertake the transformation of achievements, thus to promote the sustainable development of China’s agriculture and rural economy.