Abstract: The fragmentation and abandonment of cultivated land is a major problem facing rural land, the poor circulation of agricultural land in poor mountainous areas and the improvement of the abandonment phenomenon are of great significance to the efficient use of agricultural land and the sustainable development of farmers’livelihood. Based on the questionnaire survey of 275 rural households in Heshun County, Shanxi Province, the Binary Logit regression model was used to analyze the impact of individual household characteristics, land basic conditions and family livelihood endowments on current agricultural land circulation behavior, future circulation willingness and farmland abandonment behavior. The results showed that (1) under the current situation that farmers’livelihoods tend to be non-agricultural, only 18.2% farmers participated in the circulation of farmland, 57.8% farmers were willing to participate in land circulation, and 38.9% of the rural household had land abandonment; (2) the current transfer in rate and out rate of farmland in poor mountainous areas were affected by the per capita annual income and fixed labor of the family, respectively; there was a significant correlation between the age of the household head, the number of migrant workers, the per capita health level, the area of household contracted land, the fertility of the land and the annual per capita income of the family and the willingness of land circulation in the future; (3) under the background of land circulation, the increase in the number of out-of-home workers and the per capita contracted area were the main reasons for land abandonment. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the rural social security system, standardize the land circulation market and strengthen the assistance to the village collectives in poor mountainous areas, with a view to reducing the fragmentation and abandonment of agricultural land.