Abstract: This paper focused on the effects of slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers on the major food crops (wheat, corn) based on years of experiments. We summarized the effects on crop yield, fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen nutrient loss of balance and pathways, as well as other aspects of cost-effectiveness from wheat and corn for the slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers. In addition, this paper summarized the impact of application slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on maize and wheat, soil environment and the impacting in future productivity. We found that different types of slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers not only could improve wheat and corn productivity, and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency but also could reduce soil nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen losses. In addition, the application of slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers could enhance soil biomass and enzyme activities, and reduce greenhouse gas emission and the pollution of soil and underground water. However, the research of slow/controlled-release fertilizers on the rhizosphere is relatively few and using fertilization is not reasonable. It is better to make a simplified system of scientific and rational fertilization technology for applying and promotion of slow/controlled-release fertilizers.