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农学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (4): 88-93.doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0215

• 农业信息 农业气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

低温灾害对农作物的影响及防治措施研究概况

王立龙1(), 李欣2, 刘伟3, 李淑祺3, 刘佳3, 段晓凤2()   

  1. 1 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院, 兰州 730000
    2 内蒙古自治区生态与农业气象中心, 呼和浩特 010051
    3 内蒙古巴彦淖尔市气象局, 内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015000
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18 修回日期:2025-08-22 出版日期:2026-04-15 发布日期:2026-04-15
  • 通讯作者:
    段晓凤,女,1982年出生,内蒙古呼和浩特人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事农业气象防灾减灾和气候资源利用方面的研究。通信地址:010051内蒙古呼和浩特市新城区海拉尔大街49号 内蒙古自治区生态与农业气象中心,E-mail:
  • 作者简介:

    王立龙,男,1988年出生,甘肃兰州人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事农业生态学研究。通信地址:730099 甘肃省兰州市城关区东岗西路320号 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院,E-mail:

  • 基金资助:
    内蒙古自然科学基金(2022MS04017); 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(2022ZY0145)

Overview of Research on Impact of Low Temperature Disasters on Crops and Prevention Measures

WANG Lilong1(), LI Xin2, LIU Wei3, LI Shuqi3, LIU Jia3, DUAN Xiaofeng2()   

  1. 1 Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000
    2 Ecological and Agricultural Meteorological Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010051
    3 Bayannur City Meteorological Bureau, Bayannur, Inner Mongolia 015000
  • Received:2024-12-18 Revised:2025-08-22 Online:2026-04-15 Published:2026-04-15

摘要:

在全球气候变化背景下,极端低温事件频发,严重制约农业可持续发展。为系统梳理低温灾害的危害与防控技术,本研究基于大量文献,阐述冷害、冻害、霜冻的概念与分类特征,归纳不同类型低温灾害对农作物的影响机理,并探讨针对性防治措施。结果表明:冷害(>0℃)、冻害(<0℃)和霜冻(≤0℃)在致灾温度、发生季节、影响区域及危害对象上存在显著差异;冷害主要导致作物生理机能障碍(如光合抑制、代谢紊乱),冻害引发细胞结冰与组织坏死,霜冻造成细胞膜破裂与水分失衡,三者均显著降低农作物产量与品质;培育抗寒品种、优化田间管理(如覆盖、灌溉、熏烟)、强化监测预警系统,可有效减轻低温灾害损失。未来需加强低温灾害演变趋势与作物抗寒机理研究,结合分子育种、智慧农业等技术,完善综合防控体系,为保障粮食安全提供支撑。

关键词: 低温灾害, 冷害, 冻害, 霜冻, 农作物, 影响机理, 防治措施

Abstract:

Under the background of global climate change, extreme low temperature events occur frequently, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of agriculture. In order to systematically sort out the harm and prevention and control technology of low temperature disasters, based on a large number of literatures, this paper expounds the concept and classification characteristics of cold damage, freezing damage and frost, summarizes the impact mechanism of different types of low temperature disasters on crops, and discusses the targeted prevention and control measures. The results showed that there were significant differences in disaster temperature, occurrence season, affected area and hazard object among cold damage (>0 ℃), freezing damage(<0 ℃) and frost (≤ 0 ℃); cold damage mainly led to physiological dysfunction of crops (such as photosynthetic inhibition and metabolic disorder), freezing damage caused cell freezing and tissue necrosis, and frost caused cell membrane rupture and water imbalance, all of which significantly reduced the yield and quality of crops; breeding cold resistant varieties, optimizing field management (such as mulching, irrigation, smoking), and strengthening the monitoring and early warning system can effectively reduce the loss of low temperature disasters. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the evolution trend of low temperature disasters and the mechanism of crop cold resistance, and improve the comprehensive prevention and control system in combination with molecular breeding, intelligent agriculture and other technologies, so as to provide support for food security.

Key words: low temperature disaster, cold damage, freezing damage, frost, crops, influence mechanism, prevention and control measures