Current issue

• 2023 Vol.13 No.7 Published:20 July 2023

  Effects of Water Layer on Microclimate in Paddy Field and Heat Damage Defense of Rice HAN Lu, LIU Kequn, ZENG Kai 2023, 13 (7):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0137 Abstract + ( 183 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1292KB )   ( 167 ) Heat damage is one of the main meteorological disasters affecting rice yield and quality, scientific prevention of high temperature is of great significance to the safe production of rice. In this research, the temperature of paddy field and lake surface was observed and compared with the data from meteorological observation stations nearby. The results showed that the daily maximum water temperature in the three-leaf stage and tillering stage was 2-3℃ higher than that of air temperature of paddy field, but in the heading stage, the result was the opposite. The D-value of Tmax in paddy field and meteorological observation station was negatively correlated with sunshine hours, so was the D-value of the mean temperature between the two underlying surfaces. The D-value of Tmax in water surface and meteorological observation station was positively correlated with sunshine hours, so was the D-value of the mean temperature between the two underlying surfaces. The D-value of Tmin in water surface and paddy field and meteorological observation station was positively correlated with sunshine hours too. Research showed that, when there was water in the paddy field, rice leaves could reflect solar radiation and increase evapotranspiration to reduce paddy field temperature, then the heat damage could be alleviated. In addition, heat damage alleviation could be achieved by shallow water in the paddy field, there is no need of flood irrigation.

  Field Efficacy of Different Seed Coating Agents on Wheat Crown Rot WANG Xianghui, JIAO Yuxia, ZHAO Yanli, HUI Xianghai, XU Ling, GUO Li, ZHANG Li, CAO Zeng, HU Yinghua, GUAN Xiumin 2023, 13 (7):  7-11.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0100 Abstract + ( 194 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1230KB )   ( 180 ) Wheat crown rot is an important soil-borne fungus disease which caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum primarily. It is prevalent in wheat producing areas, which threatens the safety of wheat production in China seriously. This study evaluated the comprehensive control efficacy of different seed coating agentsand sprayings at the returning green stage on crown rot of wheat. From the control efficacy of seed coating agents at seedling stage, the mixture of Seed coating agent Paeniocollus polymyua (≥500 million cfu/g) FC and Tymirium (200 g/L) FS significantly increased four evaluation indexes and reduced the incidence rate of wheat seedling diseases significantly. Every treatment could control the spreading speed at jointing stage, but the combination of Paeniocollus polymyua (≥500 million cfu/g) FC 600 mL and Tymirium (200 g/L) FS 300 mL was the best treatment, and the diseased rate was 15.55%. The combination of Paeniocollus polymyua (≥500 million cfu/g) FC and Tymirium (200 g/L) FS was the best treatment to control wheat crown rot at filling stageas well, the diseased stem rate was 17.78%-23.33%, the control efficacy was 77.27%-83.74%. The final results showed that the combination of Paeniocollus polymyua (≥500 millioncfu/g) SC and Tymirium (200 g/L) FS was the best treatment, the yield increase rate was 16.03%-17.55%. In practice, this combination could be used for seed coating to control the wheat crown rot.

  Effect of Density and Growth Regulator Interaction on Yield and Lodging Resistance of Summer Maize ‘Zidan11’ CHEN Jun, ZHANG Haijun, LI Xiaoyu, LI Wenqian 2023, 13 (7):  12-19.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0099 Abstract + ( 172 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1380KB )   ( 282 ) Through the interaction between planting density and various of growth regulators, the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation per plant, grain filling rate and yield characters of summer maize ‘Zidan11’ were tested and analyzed, the reasonable planting density and the selection and use of growth regulators of summer maize ‘Zidan11’ in central Shandong were discussed. The results showed that the maximum planting density of ‘Zidan11’ was 75000 plants/hm2, and the yield would decrease significantly if the density exceeded this. When the density increased without the application of growth regulator, the lodging resistance of ‘Zidan11’ straw would be weakened. The best yield could be obtained by the treatment of 67500 plants/hm2 densityand‘amino acid water-soluble fertilizer’. The maturity period with the treatment was delayed and could be used as storage corn ear production, but it should not be harvested too late. The treatment with the density of 75000 plants/hm2 and‘30% aminoacyl ester and ethephon’could obtain relatively stable yield with low leaf area index, dry matter accumulation per plant and short maturity period, and had the best anti-falling ability, which was suitable for the grain production of ‘Zidan11’ land intensive mode in the central Shandong Plain.

  Present Situation and Development Trend of Silage Corn Industry in China WANG Xiaoguang, SHI Guiqing, LIU Chunge, WU Peng, WANG Ronghuan, SHAN Hong, FENG Peiyu, CHENG Guanglei 2023, 13 (7):  20-24.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2021-0118 Abstract + ( 737 )   HTML ( 25 )   PDF ( 1114KB )   ( 583 ) Silage corn has the reputation of "the king of feed", and generally accounts for about 80% of roughage in the diet formula of dairy cows in developed countries such as the United States. In recent years, the planting area of silage corn has shown a rapid upward trend. In 2016, the planting area of silage corn in China was about 1 million hectares, reaching 1.67 million hectares in 2018, and increasing to more than 2 million hectares in 2020. The number of silage corn approved varieties has also shown explosive growth, with 7 national and provincial silage corn approved varieties in 2016 and a peak of 50 in 2019. From the analysis of planting costs and profits in the national survey, the benefits of planting silage corn are relatively considerable. China has initially formed circular industrial chains such as silage corn seed enterprises, silage production enterprises, and silage consumption enterprises and so on, but there is still a lack of powerful functional departments and industrial organizations to promote the rapid development of the industry. An authoritative evaluation and pricing mechanism for silage corn products beyond the interests of industrial chains has not been established yet. With the continuous improvement of the breeding level of animal husbandry in China, people have gradually enhanced their understanding of the "double-high crops" of the utilization rate and transformation efficiency of whole plant silage corn. On the basis of becoming the main diet of dairy cows, silage corn will further become a high-quality feed for ruminants such as beef cattle and sheep, and the silage corn industry will usher in a new wave of development.

  99 Tartary BuckwheatVarieties: Evaluation of Main Agronomic Traits and Variety Screening LIU Li, CHAI Min, HAN Wei, QIE Qiyang, FENG Xiaolong, NA Dongchen, ZHOU Yuancheng, CAO Yanling, WANG Yiling 2023, 13 (7):  25-31.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0068 Abstract + ( 201 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1579KB )   ( 117 ) To comprehensively evaluate the main agronomic traits of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) and screen high-quality tartary buckwheat germplasms, 99 varieties of tartary buckwheat, including 51 foreign varieties and 48 domestic varieties, were used as materials in this study. 11 agronomic traits were analyzed by variation analysis, correlation analysis and comprehensive score F value. The results showed that the 11 agronomic traits had significant variation, with the coefficients of variation all greater than 0.1. Yield per plant, grain number per plant, thousand-grain weight and plant height were very significantly positively correlated to grain yield. The principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution of the first four principal components was 73.234% and the first principal component was mainly related to the grain number per plant and yield per plant with the highest eigenvector values. In cluster analysis, the 99 tartary buckwheat varieties were divided into six groups, of which 18 varieties of group IV had superior traits and could be utilized as core germplasm resource. Two key traits, grain number per plant and yield per plant, should be emphatically considered in the breeding of tartary buckwheat. 23 high-yielding and high-quality tartary buckwheat varieties were screened out by comprehensive cluster analysis and the comprehensive score F value, of which 12 were introduced varieties.

  Effects of Different Planting Methods on Seedling Growth and Yield of Cyperus esculentus JIANG Shengxiu, ZHAO Peng, ZHU Shujuan 2023, 13 (7):  32-37.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0077 Abstract + ( 206 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1283KB )   ( 146 ) To investigate the effects of different planting methods on growth and yield of Cyperus esculentus, and provide a theoretical basis for scientific cultivation of Cyperus esculentus, using ‘Cyperus esculentus No.2’ as material, a two-factor field experiment design was conducted to study the effects of flat and ridge planting and row spacing of 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm on growth and yield of Cyperus esculentus. The results are as follows, (1) Compared with flat planting, ridge planting decreased soil bulk density in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layer, and increased soil water content and soil nutrient content. With the increase of row spacing, soil bulk density, soil water content and soil nutrient content decreased. (2) Under different planting methods, there was no significant difference of plant height (P>0.05), the root length of B1, B2 and B3 increased by 37.21%, 39.24% and 36.95% compared with that of A1, A2 and A3, respectively, the branch number increased by 95.56%, 62.09% and 28.48%, respectively, and the leaf area increased by 13.47%, 44.23% and 11.14%, respectively. There was no significant difference of root length, branch number and leaf area among A1, A2 and A3, and B1, B2 and B3 (P>0.05). (3) To compare B1 and A1, B2 and A2, and B3 and A3, the grain number per plant of the former increased by 26.58%, 7.71% and 17.34%, respectively; the grain yield per plant increased by 19.81%, 18.06% and 60.00%, and the total yield increased by 61.21%, 35.71% and 9.77%, respectively. Under the same planting method, the number of grains per plant, 100-grain weight, yield per plant and total yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of the row spacing. The total yield of B2 treatment was the highest (7635 kg/hm2), which was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, ridge planting could improve soil structure, enhance soil fertilizer supply capacity, and is more conducive to the growth of Cyperus esculentus seedlings, and the row spacing of 60 cm could achieve the highest yield and is a good planting method.

  Effects of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Different Organic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco ZHAO Peng, KE Meifu, YANG Jiahao 2023, 13 (7):  38-43.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0091 Abstract + ( 144 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1240KB )   ( 133 ) To screen out suitable types of organic fertilizers and corresponding chemical fertilizer reduction levels for flue-cured tobacco production in Ankang, a two-factor randomized block design was used in this study, and 9 treatments were set up, including 3 kinds of organic fertilizers and 3 reduction ratios of chemical fertilizers. A comparison experiment was conducted with conventional pure chemical fertilizer as the control (CK). The results showed that there were significant differences in plant height, stem girth, maximum leaf area, yield, output value and the proportion of superior tobacco under the application of different types of organic fertilizers. There were significant differences in plant height, stem girth, effective leaf number, maximum leaf area, yield, output value and the proportion of superior tobacco under different chemical fertilizer reduction levels. The interaction between the two factors was not significant. The effect of different types of organic fertilizers on the agronomic traits of flue-cured tobacco was earthworm cast> oil cake> lees, while the effects on the economic traits was earthworm cast= oil cake> lees. Taking into consideration of the field growth and output value of flue-cured tobacco and the ecological effect, earthworm cast of 3000 kg/hm2+ tobacco special fertilizer of 810 kg/hm2 (10% less than the conventional chemical fertilizer level) was the best treatment, followed by oil cake 750 kg/hm2+ tobacco special fertilizer 855 kg/hm2 (5% less than the conventional chemical fertilizer level), and lees 750 kg/hm2+ tobacco special fertilizer 855 kg/hm2 (5% less than the conventional chemical fertilizer level).

  Effects of Bio-organic Fertilizer Base Application on the Yield of Greenhouse Pakchoi and Soil Nutrient Content SU Guijun, LOU Ling, LI Dan, HE Linhai, WANG Jingwen, SHEN Jianguo, ZHANG Zhouna 2023, 13 (7):  44-47.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0082 Abstract + ( 165 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1206KB )   ( 131 ) Taking different rates of bio-organic fertilizer base application as a factor, a comparative experiment was carried out on pakchoi in greenhouses. The results showed that increasing the application of bio-organic fertilizer could promote chlorophyll synthesis, increase plant height, total number of leaves and leaf thickness, and improve the yield of pakchoi. Simultaneously, the base application of bio-organic fertilizer could increase the content of soil organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium. In conclusion, the optimal base application rate of bio-organic fertilizer is 6000 kg/hm2. Compared with CK, this rate can increase the yield of pakchoi, soil organic matter, soil available phosphorus and soil available potassium by 5.8%, 1.5%, 6.0% and 14.7%, respectively.

  Effects of Topographic Positions and Plantation Time on Soil Properties of Hilly Red Soil Orchards ZHENG Mingjie, YU Hongwei, CHEN Zhiliang, ZHANG Mingkui 2023, 13 (7):  48-55.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0029 Abstract + ( 126 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1264KB )   ( 112 ) Taking Hangzhou City of Zhejiang Province as an example, 23 low hilly red soil orchards with different plantation time were selected, and the soil samples at the piedmont, the downhill and the middle and upper slope were collected. The effects of topographic positions (natural factor) and plantation time (human factor) on soil physical, chemical and biological properties of the orchards were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that the thickness of effective soil layer was mainly controlled by natural factors and less affected by cultivation. The thickness decreased in a sequence of piedmont > downhill > middle and upper slope. Other soil properties were affected by both natural factors and artificial farming. Soil CEC, and the content of soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, available potassium, water stable aggregates and microbial biomass carbon decreased in the order of piedmont > downhill > middle and upper slope, and the soil bulk density increased generally in the order of piedmont < downhill < middle and upper slope. Soil pH was generally higher at the piedmont than that at the downhill and middle and upper slopes. With the increase of the plantation time, soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, available potassium and microbial biomass carbon increased, soil bulk density and water stable aggregates increased first and then decreased, and soil pH decreased continuously. There were great differences in soil properties between the piedmont, the downhill and the middle and upper slope, while the differences in soil properties between the downhill and the middle and upper slope were relatively small. The effect of plantation time on soil properties was more obvious at the piedmont than that at the downhill and the middle and upper slope. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that there was synergy among the changes of soil fertility indexes, and the similarity of the changes could be roughly divided into three groups: group 1 included CEC, organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, available phosphorus and available potassium, group 2 included pH, bulk density and available calcium, and group 3 included soil thickness and water stable aggregates. The research indicates that the spatial heterogeneity of soil quality in hilly orchards is an objective phenomenon, which is affected by natural and human factors. Therefore, the difference of slope positions and plantation time should be considered in taking management measures.

  Study on Soil Properties and Their Variation Laws of Terraced Fields in Southern Zhejiang XIA Jiaojiao, CHEN Yuhang, ZHANG Mingkui 2023, 13 (7):  56-62.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0084 Abstract + ( 157 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1163KB )   ( 174 ) The complex and changeable terrain environments in mountainous areas lead to the unique change law of soil properties. To understand the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of cultivated land quality in mountainous area, 12 representative terraced fields in Lishui and Wenzhou of southern Zhejiang Province were selected, and 228 topsoil samples and 6 representative profiles were collected. The soil fertility indexes of the samples were analyzed. The relationships of soil fertility and soil types with land use type, altitude and slope position were discussed. The results showed that soil properties and soil types of terraced fields in southern Zhejiang had obviously spatial differentiation. With the increase of the altitude, the thickness of terraced soil body and tillage layer, the content of available phosphorus and available potassium gradually decreased, and the pH value gradually increased, but the soil organic matter, total nitrogen and CEC first decreased and then gradually increased from the foot to the slope upward. The soil quality of paddy field was higher than that of upland. The thickness of soil body and tillage layer, and the average content of organic matter, total nitrogen, CEC, pH, available phosphorus and available potassium of the soil in concave slope were higher than those in convex slope. And the fertility index became better with the increase of terrace width. The soil maturity degree of mountain terrace increased with the increase of plantation time. From low altitude to high altitude, the soil types changed from Fe-accumuli Stagnic Anthrosols and Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols to Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and Fe-leached Stagnic Anthrosols.

  Effects of Different Straw Returning Patterns on Soil Carbon Pool and Water Storage Capacity in Low Hill Citrus Orchards HUANG Yue, SHANG Xiaolan, XU Xing, GUO Shuirong, ZHANG Mingkui 2023, 13 (7):  63-69.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0096 Abstract + ( 162 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1133KB )   ( 103 ) To deeply understand the effect of straw returning on soil improvement of low hill citrus orchards, a two-year micro-area field experiment was carried out. Five treatments were set up, including control (no straw), mulch returning, shallow returning, deep plough returning and full layer returning. The effects of different ways of straw returning on soil carbon pool and water content were studied. The results showed that all the straw returning patterns improved soil physical properties, organic carbon content, fertility index and enzyme activity in varying degrees, but their effects on different soil layers were different. Straw mulch returning could only improve the physical and chemical properties of the uppermost part of topsoil, and its improvement on surface moisture condition was better than that of other patterns of returning, but its effect on deep soil was not obvious. Straw deep plough returning could loosen the soil and increase the organic matter input. It could improve the physical properties of soil layers at different depths and the accumulation of organic matter and nutrients at the same time. The effects on soil were stronger than that of straw mulch returning. In general, the effects of straw deep plough returning and full layer returning on soil improvement were greater than that of straw shallow returning, and straw deep plough returning had especially significant effect on increasing the storage of organic carbon and water in deep soil layer. It is concluded that the combination of straw deep plough returning and surface mulch returning could improve the soil properties of citrus orchards in an all-round way. In the early stage of new orchards, straw deep plough returning should be considered, and in the later stage, the straw returning could be gradually changed to shallow returning or mulch returning.

  Research Progress and Prevention and Control Techniques of Pomegranate Freezing Injury WANG Qingjun 2023, 13 (7):  70-74.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0081 Abstract + ( 203 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1069KB )   ( 256 ) Pomegranate freezing injury occurs from time to time in northern China, and it can be classified into different types as sudden-cooling in late autumn, low temperature in winter, and late spring coldness. The damage, causes and cold resistance evaluation of freezing injury were briefly described; summarized the impacts of different techniques, including cultivation management, variety selection, planting suitable species in suitable places, and planting in protected areas, on the prevention and control of freezing injury; and proposed countermeasures from variety selection, variety validation and construction of prevention and control systems.

  Heavy Metal Pollution of Coarse Cereals and Methods of Risk Assessment: A Review PENG Tianshu, GUO Chunjing, LI Lina, WANG Jianzhong 2023, 13 (7):  75-79.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0086 Abstract + ( 190 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1082KB )   ( 178 ) Coarse cereals are diverse and nutritious, with good development prospects. However, heavy metal pollution affects the edible safety of coarse cereals, which in turn affects the development of the coarse cereals industry. This paper listed common problems and hazards of heavy metal pollution in coarse cereals, reviewed current status of research at home and abroad, and summarized the assessment methods of heavy metal pollution risks, in order to provide research ideas for relevant researchers and reference for the development of the coarse cereals industry.

  Knowledge Graph Construction and Visualization in Soil Fertility and Scientific Crop Fertilizer Management ZHANG Caili, WU Saisai, LI Wei, WANG Hui, CHEN Lei 2023, 13 (7):  80-86.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0067 Abstract + ( 210 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1741KB )   ( 191 ) Aiming to improve the function of artificial intelligence in agriculture, and to search the knowledge organization and application in field of soil fertility, the soil fertility ontology of Anhui Province was built with manual construction method as well as the Protégé application software. Then the structured data, semi-structured data and unstructured data related to soil fertility in Anhui Province were first cleaned and then processed by inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation. Based on deep learning model of ERNIE-BiLSTM-CRF and PCNN-Attention, the tasks of named entity recognition and relationship extraction were realized, and all the triplet data were stored in Neo4j graph database. And the visual knowledge graph of soil fertility was successfully constructed. This study can provide reference for the construction of other agricultural knowledge graph in the aspects of ontology construction, entity relationship extraction model and graph visualization.

  Effect of Annual Variation of Soil Temperature on Tobacco Rhizome Diseases in Henan Province and Its Ecological Regulation LI Wenfeng, WANG Haitao, WANG Keke 2023, 13 (7):  87-93.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0161 Abstract + ( 171 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1285KB )   ( 130 ) To study the effect of soil temperature in different soil layers on the occurrence of tobacco root and stem diseases, the annual variation characteristics of soil temperature in three ecological tobacco areas were analyzed by using the soil temperature data (including 0, 5, 10 and 20 cm soil layers) of 19 representative counties and cities (districts) in Henan Province from 2011 to 2020, and the relationship between soil temperature and the occurrence of tobacco root and stem diseases was analyzed as well with Xiangcheng as an example. The results showed that in the same soil layer at different growth stages, the ground temperature showed as followed: southern Henan tobacco region>central Henan tobacco region>western Henan tobacco region; the effect of soil temperature at different growth stages on rhizome diseases was as followed: root extension stage>vigorous period>mature stage; in different soil layers, the soil temperature of 20 cm>5 cm and 10 cm>0 cm, while the influence of soil temperature of 5 cm and 10 cm on rhizome diseases was not obvious, which was related to the number of tobacco roots distributed in each soil layer. The ecological control measures of rhizome diseases such as proper adjustment of transplanting period, film covering, film uncovering and irrigation were put forward to effectively reduce the occurrence of diseases.

  Analysis of the Effect of Green Production Behavior of Apple Growers on Increasing Income based on New Media Marketing CHEN Houhua, XU Jin, LI Meifang 2023, 13 (7):  94-100.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0049 Abstract + ( 218 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1305KB )   ( 253 ) Based on the field survey data of 405 apple farmers in Yantai City, Shandong Province, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of green production behavior adoption on income and the mesomeric effect of new media marketing in the process of green production behavior income increase, and discussed the differences and mechanisms of the impact of green production behavior adoption on different income farmers. Research has found that the adoption of green production behavior can significantly increase the income of apple growers, which means that the adoption of green production behavior has a significant positive impact on the income increase effect of farmers, and the income increase effect for low-income farmers is significantly higher than that of high-middle income farmers. New media marketing is an intermediary variable that promotes the green production behavior of apple growers to increase their income. Its indirect impact accounts for 53.49%, indicating that the more channels farmers adopt new media marketing, the stronger the positive impact on the income increase effect of farmers. Therefore, to enhance the income increasing effect of green production behavior among farmers, it is necessary to strengthen policy support and participation in new media marketing, enhance the accuracy of policy assistance, in order to achieve increasing income and prosperity for farmers.