Current issue

• 2024 Vol.14 No.8 Published:20 August 2024

  Effects of Planting Density on Grain Filling Characteristics and Dry Matter Accumulation of Maize YANG Meili, WANG Bangtai, LU Hongwei, CHENG Jianmei, SU Yujie, ZHAO Shuzheng, ZHANG Xiaochun, CHENG Cui, QIN Guiwen 2024, 14 (8):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0153 Abstract + ( 86 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1334KB )   ( 31 ) In order to clarify the effects of planting density on the grain filling characteristics, dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components of different maize varieties, in this study, the medium-high yield maize varieties ‘Yongyou 1573’ and ‘Yongyou 1593’ were used as experimental materials in 2021-2022, and three densities of 60000, 75000, 90000 plants/hm2 were set. The results showed that under different planting densities, the 100-grain weight showed a "fast increase-slow increase" rising trend, and the grain filling rate showed a single peak curve of "first increase and then decrease", and the peak filling appeared about 22 days after pollination. Increasing the planting density significantly reduced the theoretical maximum 100-grain weight (a), the maximum grain filling rate (Rmax), the average grain filling rate (Rmean) and the grain weight (Wmax) when the grain filling reached the maximum rate, and the yield per plant was significantly positively correlated with the 100-grain weight, the number of grains per ear, Wmax, Rmax and Rmean. After pollination, the dry matter accumulation of plants decreased with the increase of density, and the decrease of high density was more significant. The proportion of vegetative organs of plants in the early stage of filling was relatively large. The proportion of each organ of plants in the middle and late stage of filling was in the order of grain>stem sheath>leaf>ear axis>bract, and the contribution rate of stem sheath dry weight to grain yield was the largest. Increasing planting density reduced the ear length, ear diameter, grain number per ear and yield per plant of different maize varieties, and increased the bald tip length. The yield per unit area was the highest at the density of 75000 plants/hm2. There were differences among varieties. The 100-grain weight of ‘Yongyou 1573’ was less than that of ‘Yongyou 1593’, and the grain number per ear and yield per unit area were greater than the latter, indicating that the 100-grain weight and grain number per ear jointly affected the yield per unit area. This study provides theoretical basis for the selection of optimum planting density and the improvement of corn yield, and also has theoretical guiding significance for the realization of high efficiency and yield increase of summer corn in northern Henan.

  Effects of Topping Time and Method on Economic Traits and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco WU Wenxin, LI Sijun, TAN Zhipeng, ZONG Yi, HE Mingyu, PAN Feilong, BI Yiming, JIANG Zhimin, CHEN Tao, XIA Bing, CHENG Mingzhu, DENG Xiaohua 2024, 14 (8):  9-15.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0154 Abstract + ( 56 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1238KB )   ( 9 ) In order to clarify the effects of topping time and topping method on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco, a field experiment was carried out in Guiyang, Chenzhou. The experiment was the two-factor split-plot test, and set C1 (topping at budding), C2 (topping at the opening of the central flower), C3 (topping at the opening of the full flower) and D1 (removing the flower without young leaves), D2 (removing the top adjacent 2 young leaves on the flower), D3 (removing the top 4 adjacent young leaves on the flower). The effects of different treatments on the economic traits, physical characteristics, chemical composition and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco ‘Yunyan 87’ were analyzed. The results showed that with the delay of topping time, the proportion of superior tobacco, average price, yield, output value and smoking quality of flue-cured tobacco increased first and then decreased. The length, thickness and leaf area quality of upper leaves increased, and the contents of total nitrogen and nicotine increased. With the increase of young leaves removed by topping, the proportion of superior leaves increased first and then decreased, while the output value decreased first and then increased, and the length, thickness and leaf area quality of upper, middle and lower leaves increased, the leaf area index of middle leaves increased, and the contents of nicotine, total sugar and reducing sugar increased. Under the interaction of topping time and topping method, the economic traits of the treatment of topping without removing young leaves when the central flower was open were the best, the physical characteristics of the treatment of removing the top adjacent 4 young leaves on the flower when the bud was open were the best, and the sensory quality of the treatment of removing the top adjacent 2 young leaves on the flower when the central flower was open was the best. Therefore, it is more than suitable for ‘Yunyan 87’ to remove the top adjacent 2 young leaves on the flower when the central flower is open.

  Responses of Light Energy and Nitrogen Spatial Distribution, Photosynthetic Characteristics and Dry Matter Accumulation to Increased Planting Density of Flue-cured Tobacco ZONG Zhaohui, WANG Han, LI Jincheng, ZHAO Weicai, DENG Wenjun, WANG Wei, YU Chunqiang, WANG Jun 2024, 14 (8):  16-23.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0147 Abstract + ( 61 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1355KB )   ( 15 ) To explore the effects of densification on the distribution of light andnitrogen, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and output value of flue-cured tobacco canopy in Shaoguan tobacco-growing area, four densities (M1:10500 plants/hm2, M2:13500 plants/hm2, M3:16500 plants/hm2, M4:19500 plants /hm2) of ‘Yueyan 97’ were set to determine the light resources and nitrogen distribution, pigment content, dry matter accumulation and economic properties of different canopy. The results showed that with the increase of density, the light transmittal rate of different canopy decreased and the chlorophyll content was increased. Compared with M1 treatment, the upper leaf chlorophyll of M4 treatment increased by 26.31% at 80d, and the increase of Chlb was greater than that of Chla. Photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen are important indexes of crop carbon and nitrogen metabolism. As density increased, photosynthetic rate of tobacco plant decreased, compared with M1 treatment, the upper leaves of M4 treatment decreased by 32.16% to 35.83%. The Ci, Tr and Gs increased first and then decreased, while nitrogen concentration showed a decreasing trend, but there was no significant difference between middle and upper leaves of M4, M3 and M2 treatment at different periods. When the density was 16500 plants/hm2, the dry matter accumulation in leaf organs of ‘Yueyan 97’ reached the maximum, and the highest yield and economic benefit were obtained. Compared with the density of 10500 plants/hm2, the yield and output value were significantly increased. Reasonable dense planting of ‘Yueyan 97’ could resist the decline of photosynthetic rate under weak light stress by reducing chlorophyll degradation and improving nitrogen distribution in middle and upper leaves, promoted the dry matter accumulation ability of tobacco plant population, and obtained higher tobacco yield and output value.

  Application of Plant Growth Regulators in Peanuts and Safety Analysis LIN Qiujun, WU Xianxin, ZOU Xun, LI Guang, WANG Jianzhong, GUO Chunjing 2024, 14 (8):  24-29.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0155 Abstract + ( 68 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1179KB )   ( 22 ) To clarify the use of plant growth regulators in peanut production, we collected statistics on the types of regulators currently valid for registration in peanuts by querying the China Pesticide Information Network, and inquired about the maximum residue limits and detection methods of regulators in peanuts in the national food safety standard Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food (GB 2763—2021). The toxicity of regulators mainly used in peanut productionwas analyzed to provide opinions and suggestions for the formulation and revision of relevant standards in the next step. And it also provided reference for the high-quality development of the peanut industry’s export earnings, enhanced the international competitiveness of China’s peanut industry, and ensured the healthy and sustainable development of China’s peanut industry.

  Effects of Dry Scattering PAM on the Erosion Sediments of Loess Soil Engineering Accumulation LUO Dong, ZOU Chaoyu, BAI Gangshuan 2024, 14 (8):  30-37.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0165 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1402KB )   ( 5 ) To explore the suitable amount of dry scattering PAM (polyacrylamide) to reduce the erosion sediments and maintain the stability of engineering accumulation, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g/m2 of PAM were dry scattered on the surface of conical loess soil engineering accumulation in the loess hilly-gully region and with no PAM as the control (CK). The effects of PAM on surface runoff, erosion sediments, rill development and soil moisture of loess soil engineering accumulation were monitored under natural rainfall conditions. The results showed that the runoff, runoff frequency and runoff coefficient of different treatments decreased first and then increased with the increase of PAM dry scattering amount. The values were the lowest when the PAM dry scattering amount was at 1.0 g/m2, and were the highest when PAM dry scattering amount was at 2.5 g/m2. The erosion sediments, rill erosion sediments and rill erosion coefficient decreased with the increase of PAM dry scattering amount. When PAM dry scattered at 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g/m2, the erosion sediments, rill erosion sediments and rill erosion coefficient were significantly lower than that of CK and PAM dry scattering amount of 0.5 and 1.0 g/m2. When PAM dry scattered at 1.0 g/m2, the soil moisture of engineering accumulation was the highest, and when PAM dry scattered at 2.5 g/m2, the soil moisture was the lowest. When PAM dry scattering amount reaches 1.5 g/m2, PAM promoted the formation of runoff, reduced the erosion sediments and rill erosion coefficient, and reduced the soil moisture of loess soil engineering accumulation. To sum up, in order to reduce the erosion sediments and maintain the stability of loess soil engineering accumulation, the dry scattering amount of PAM should be about 2.0 g/m2.

  Effects of Base Fertilizer Added Microbial Agent and Seedling-raising Fertilizer on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation of Flue-cured Tobacco PENG Yingchun, TAN Zhipeng, JIANG Zhimin, WU Chujie, WU Wenxin, ZONG Yi, LI Sijun, WEN Yongcai, CHENG Mingzhu, XIA Bing, DENG Xiaohua 2024, 14 (8):  38-43.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0183 Abstract + ( 53 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1231KB )   ( 14 ) To clarify the effect of adding microbial agents in base fertilizer and urea in seedling-raising fertilizer on promoting early growth and rapid development of paddy-tobacco, ‘Yunyan 87’ was used as material, the two-factor experiment was designed by two application methods of base fertilizer with or without adding microbial agent, and three application methods of a single application of seedling-raising fertilizer for tobacco, a single application of urea, seedling-raising fertilizer for tobacco and urea mixed application. The effects of microbial agent, seedling-raising fertilizer and their interaction on root systems, agronomic traits, SPAD value, dry matter accumulation and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation of flue-cured tobacco were studied. The results showed that the addition of microbial agent and seedling-raising fertilizer combined with urea was better than the single application of seedling-raising fertilizer and base fertilizer, root activity, root total length, surface area, average diameter, volume and root tip number were increased by 28.13%, 5.41%, 1.30%, 17.23%, 24.63% and 0.41%, respectively. Plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and maximum leaf area were increased by 10.06%, 2.30%, 18.75% and 37.26%, respectively. Total dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation were increased by 27.18%, 37.21%, 36.57% and 23.97%, respectively. The addition of microbial agent and seedling-raising fertilizer combined with urea in the base fertilizer could improve the root activity of flue-cured tobacco, promote the root development of flue-cured tobacco, improve agronomic properties, facilitate the accumulation of flue-cured tobacco dry matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, promote the early growth and rapid development of flue-cured tobacco, and lay a foundation for the high quality and high yield of ‘Yunyan 87’ in tobacco-rice rotation area.

  Current Situation, Dilemma and Way out of the Protection of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources in China YANG Yuying, HE Shanshan, WANG Yubin 2024, 14 (8):  44-48.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0174 Abstract + ( 73 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1112KB )   ( 12 ) In order to explore the effective way to realize the protection of livestock and poultry genetic resources in China, the current situation of the protection of livestock and poultry genetic resources was systematically sorted out, and the realistic difficulties faced by the protection were deeply analyzed. The results show that, at present, the number of protected varieties has been increasing, regulations and policies have been improved, protected areas, seed conservation farms and gene banks have begun to take shape, and the quality of the workforce has been improved. However, it is also faced with the dilemma of not digging deep into the characteristics of resources, and the disconnection between protection and exploitation; the weak support of regulations and policies, and the lack of linkage in the management system; the obsolete facilities in the protected areas, conservation farms and gene banks, and the outdated protection technology; the insufficient financial support, and the single channel of investment. Based on this, the following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: strengthen the depth mining of resources, improve the level of development and utilization; establish and improve laws and regulations, integrate departmental management resources; strengthen the guidance of fiscal funds and establish a diversified investment and financing system; continue to promote the development and construction of seed conservation farms, protected areas and gene banks.

  Reviews on Storage and Processing of Citrus Fruits WANG Jianhui, GUO Weiqing, ZHENG Fan, ZHANG Yin, WANG Xinhui, LIU Dayu, TANG Jiang 2024, 14 (8):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.casb2023-0164 Abstract + ( 46 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1475KB )   ( 16 ) Citrus is the largest category of fruit in China, which is widely planted and has many cultivars for fresh fruit market. To extend shelf life, promote intensive processing, improve enterprise’s benefit, current research progresses related to fruit storage and processing have been reviewed. At first, new preservation technologies applied in Citrus fruits’ storage were summarized. Subsequently, innovation technologies for processing products and by-products utilization were discussed. Finally, functional components in Citrus with potential application in pharmaceutical industry were also reviewed. Therefore, depending on different cultivars in production areas, fruit sorting system after post-harvest are recommended for orange and lemon varieties. Meanwhile, the non-thermal processing technology and enzymatic digestion for de-peeling is utilized for tradition processing products, such as sweet orange and tangerine. Functional components in Citrus will be extracted and prepared to medicinal and edible food. In conclusion, new technology for storage and processing are used in Citrus to extendindustry chain, which significantly boost industry development in future.

  Extraction Process Optimization and Component Analysis of Oregano Essential Oil WANG Ying, LIU Chenxi, WANG Xinyan, HE Jifang, LI Haohui, JIA Lu, LIU Wei, XUE Gang 2024, 14 (8):  56-62.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0162 Abstract + ( 47 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1324KB )   ( 11 ) The study aims to optimize the extraction conditions of essential oil from Oregano by traditional steam distillation and simultaneous distillation-extraction. The extraction parameters were optimized by single factor and orthogonal experiments, and the essential oil was analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that the optimal extraction process combination of steam distillation and simultaneous distillation-extraction was the basification of 1%, with extraction time for 1.5 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1:6. Under these conditions, the extraction rates of steam distillation and simultaneous distillation-extraction were 0.486 g /100 g and 0.608 g /100 g, respectively. There were 16 kinds of alkanes, 6 kinds of alkenes, 4 kinds of alcohols, 3 kinds of phenols and 1 kind of ketones in the oil obtained by conventional steam distillation, the contents of which accounted for 74.366%, 6.263%, 1.245%, 12.684% and 0.449%, respectively. 20 kinds of alkanes, 9 kinds of alkenes, 5 kinds of alcohols, 3 kinds of phenols and 1 kind of ketones were obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction, which accounted for 60.127%, 12.597%, 2.795%, 22.147% and 0.936%, respectively. At the same time, the types and contents of main bacteriostatic components of essential oils obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction were significantly higher than those of conventional steam distillation. The contents of thymol, cymene, γ-terpinene, carvacrol and α-hydrocene in conventional steam distillation essential oils were 8.492%, 3.286%, 2.551%, 2.143% and 0.206%, respectively. And those of simultaneous distillation-extraction were 13.925%, 5.218%, 4.509%, 4.14% and 0.36%, respectively. This study can provide reference for the production and preparation of oregano essential oil. The optimum technology obtained in this study has the high yield of essential oil, which can provide reference for the production and preparation of oregano essential oil.

  Experimental Study and Finite Element Analysis of Assembled Elliptical Skeleton Nodes for Solar Greenhouse ZHANG Jinhao, HE Bin 2024, 14 (8):  63-71.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0167 Abstract + ( 51 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 3465KB )   ( 8 ) In order to improve the mechanical performance of the greenhouse skeleton, prove the feasibility of the assembled skeleton in the solar greenhouse structure, and then optimize the assembly design of the solar greenhouse skeleton, this study took a solar greenhouse in Yangling District of Shaanxi Province as the research object, and selected the oval single tube skeleton structure. The joint design and finite element analysis were carried out under two different connection modes of internal and external assembly. Three common specifications of 8 cm, 9 cm and 10 cm were selected to assemble the elliptical steel pipe respectively. ANSYS software was used to calculate the force and deformation of the joints at the connection parts of the assembled oval pipe span under the concentrated force of 5 kN, 7 kN and 10 kN, and then the untruncated elliptical steel pipe was set as the control group for comparison. The results showed that the structural deformation of the assembled solar greenhouse was minimal when the 10cm long connector was placed in the oval tube. In addition, when the main section angle was 10°, the stress was the least. In this study, the elliptical assembled skeleton and the assembly node for it were developed. The mechanical performance of the assembled skeleton was studied by static test. Finally, the reliability of the static test and the feasibility of the assembly design of the solar greenhouse skeleton were verified by finite element numerical simulation. This study can provide a basis for the assembly development of elliptical skeleton and the optimization of assembly joints in solar greenhouse.

  Supply and Demand Analysis and Benefit Evaluation of Agricultural Meteorological Services in China ZHANG Xiaomei, ZHAO Rong, WANG Lisheng, LI Xiaozhu, LV Minghui, GAO Yimei 2024, 14 (8):  72-80.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0145 Abstract + ( 48 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1436KB )   ( 8 ) In order to further understand the demand and benefits of agricultural meteorological services, the supply and demand of agricultural meteorological service product content, product time effect, service form and service channel are compared and analyzed from the two dimensions of agricultural meteorological service user demand and service supply through statistical analysis, and the contribution rate and economic benefits of agricultural meteorological services are measured on this basis. The results show that: (1) meteorological service for agriculture has a strong decision-making service attribute, and the government/administrative agencies or institutions are the current service subjects. Planting, agricultural insurance and agricultural management are the main service areas of meteorology serving agriculture, especially planting. (2) Agricultural users have a strong demand for meteorological services, the vast majority of agricultural meteorological products can meet user needs, and a few products still have a certain gap with user needs in terms of content, timeliness, service methods and channels. (3) The benefits of agricultural meteorological services are remarkable. The contribution rate of agricultural meteorological services was 4.84%, and the benefit value of national agricultural meteorological services was 347.26 billion yuan. On this basis, four suggestions are put forward in order to provide reference and support for meteorological departments to optimize the supply of agricultural meteorological services.

  Influence of Meteorological Factors on Vertical Changes of DO in Fish Pond in Summer and Its Countermeasures LIU Kequn, DENG Aijuan, MENG Cuili, LI Wei, TANG Yang 2024, 14 (8):  81-88.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0151 Abstract + ( 59 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1483KB )   ( 20 ) The vertical difference of DO in fish ponds is one of the most important indicators for healthy ecological aquaculture. On the basis of vertical observation data of DO, water temperature, light intensity and meteorological observation data of Honghu City from June 21st to July 14th of 2022, the diurnal variation characteristics of DO of fish ponds were analyzed. The statistical analysis method was applied to diagnose the relationship between the difference of DO in the upper and lower layers and meteorological factors excluding human interference. The results showed that: in sunny summer, with the increase of light intensity entering the water, the DO of the upper layer was saturated or supersaturated but the DO of lower layer was still low. The increment of DO in 120 cm layer was not significantly negatively correlated with light intensity. And it was difficult for the fish living at the bottom layer to get enough DO from photosynthetic oxygen production. The vertical gradient of water temperature in fish ponds would hinder the transmission of DO downward. For example, with 1 ℃ difference of water temperature between 30cm and 60cm, the DO difference could be 6.6 mg/L. Under the effect of the wind force, the difference of water temperature, the transmission resistance of DO and the difference of DO concentration became much smaller with the increase of the wind. When the maximum wind speed was more than 9 m/s, the difference of DO was tiny between the upper and lower layer, and it was unnecessary to turn on the artificial oxygenation equipment. So breaking the vertical gradient of water temperature was an important method to ensure a nice ecological environment in fish ponds in summer. The necessity of human intervention was determined by the wind. The weaker the wind, the more intervention required.

  Suitability Evaluation of Tuber Mustard Cultivation in Fuling Based on Grey Relation and Principal Component Analysis NI Chao, LI Xinjiang, WU Siying, XIANG Tao, XU Dong, ZHUO Chao, LUAN Song, GUO Zhi 2024, 14 (8):  89-95.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0202 Abstract + ( 48 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 3927KB )   ( 12 ) To study the suitable planting zones of Fulingtuber mustard, its suitable climate was discussed in this study. Based on the grey relational analysis and principal component analysis, combining with 19 bioclimatic indices, suitable planting zones and suitable climate of tuber mustard in Fulingwere evaluated comprehensively. It indicated that the climatic suitability of 421 village communities of Fuling should bedivided into three categories by the equal-weight correlation degree and comprehensive evaluation model.CategoryⅠ (high suitable zone, λ≥0.913) included Zengfu,west of Shituo, Yihe, south of Maan, Longqiao,Chongyi,Jiangbei,northwest of Nantuo, southeast of Baisheng, southest of Zhenxi, part of Baitao, part of Lizhi, part of Jiangdong; category Ⅱ (moderate suitable zone, 0.764≤λ<0.913) included Zengfu, northwest of Shituo, north of Yihe, Lidu, north of Maan, north of Linshi, most of Lizhi, south of Jiangdong, northeast of Baitao, southwest of Jiaoshi; category Ⅲ (low suitable zone, λ<0.764) included Longtan, Tongle, Qingyang, Mawu, Wulingshan, Damu, Luoyun, Jiaoshi, northwest of Baisheng, Northwest of Zhenxi. The northwest and northeast of Fuling are the better zones for the tuber mustard planting.The results can provide a reference for the reasonable layout of the tuber mustardproduction in Fuling, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.

  Evaluation of Meteorological Conditions During Main Growth Period of Apple in Zhaoyuan Area in 2022 FAN Xianzheng, WANG Pengkai, ZHANG Juan, LIN Minghua, YANG Jinling, ZHANG Cuiying 2024, 14 (8):  96-100.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0161 Abstract + ( 59 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1263KB )   ( 15 ) Utilizing observation data from the apple phenological period in the Zhaoyuan area in 2022, this study investigated the impact of meteorological conditions—specifically light, temperature, and moisture—during critical phenological stages (flowering, fruiting, fruit expansion, and ripening) on apple growth. Additionally, thesoil relative moisture and agro-meteorological characteristics during crucial growth and reproductive phaseswere evaluated. The findings revealed that meteorological conditions throughout the apple's fertility period generally satisfied apple growth requirements, with soil moisture levels being appropriate and temperatures slightly elevated during the flowering phase. The fruit expansion phase experienced higher precipitation, enhancing the orchard's moisture content. Favorable meteorological conditions during the fruit harvesting phase contributed to improved apple ripening, enhancing sweetness, color, and overall quality, making apples ideally suited for harvest. This study aims to identify optimal meteorological conditions throughout the apple fertility period to mitigate potential damage, facilitate the rational utilization of agro-climatic resources, support farmers in scientifically managing apple cultivation, and advance apple production quality and economic returns. This provides reliable meteorological, scientific, and technological backing for future endeavors in tailored meteorological services, offering a scientific basis for reference.