种植密度和施氮量互作对单粒精播花生植株和产量性状的影响

doi:10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2021-0045

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究旨在探讨单粒精播花生生理性状和产量性状对种植密度和施氮量的响应，选择山东省烟台市招远鲁东丘陵地，作物两年三熟。2018和2019年，以出口大花生品种‘花育22’为试验材料进行了大田试验。设置了3个种植密度（12万、20万、28万株/hm²）和4个施氮量(N 0、50、115、180 kg/hm²)。不同生育时期调查分析了花生植株和产量性状。结果表明：种植密度和施氮量均显著影响花生干物质量、植株性状和产量性状，且两者互作效应显著。在D2密度（20万株/hm²）条件下，花生荚果产量较D1密度（12万株/hm²）和D3密度（28万株/hm²）分别增加了24.31%~45.04%和10.57%~15.13%，成熟期干物质量分别增加了7.31%~32.34%和10.65%~34.59%，且差异性均达到了显著水平。在D2密度（20万株/hm²)条件下，施氮量在50~180 kg/hm²范围内的花生荚果产量和干物质量均显著高于无氮处理，各施氮处理表现为N115>N180>N50>N0，以施氮量为115 kg/hm²时花生荚果产量最大，较N50和N180处理分别提高了6.83%和3.90%，干物质量和植株性状也协同提高。综合考虑生理性状、产量性状等因素，在本试验条件下，单粒精播花生栽培在低密度12万株/hm²下，花生主要产量性状随着施氮量的增加而增加，以种植密度为20万株/hm²，施氮量为115 kg/hm²较为适宜。

关键词: 春花生, 种植密度, 施氮量, 单粒精播种植, 植株性状, 产量性状

Abstract:

To investigate the response of physiological and yield traits of single seeding peanut to planting density and nitrogen application rate, the authors chose Shandong Yantai Zhaoyuan Ludong hilly land for crops of three ripening in two years. A field experiment was carried out on the export peanut variety ‘Huayu 22’ in 2018 and 2019, three planting densities (120000, 200000 and 280000 plants/ hm²) and four nitrogen application rates (N 0, 50, 115 and 180 kg/hm²) were set up. Peanut plant and yield traits were analyzed in different growth periods. The results showed that both planting density and nitrogen application rate significantly affected the dry matter weight, and plant and yield traits of peanut, and the interaction effect between them was significant. Under D2 density (200000 plants/hm²), the yield of peanut pods increased by 24.31%-45.04% and 10.57%-15.13% respectively compared with that of D1 (120000 plants/hm²) and D3 (280000 plants/hm²), the dry matter weight in mature period increased by 7.31%-32.34% and 10.65%-34.59% respectively, and the difference reached a significant level. Under D2 density (200000 hm²), the yield and dry matter weight of peanut pods under nitrogen application rate of 50-180 kg/hm² were significantly higher than those of nitrogen-free treatment, the nitrogen treatment showed N115>N180>N50>N0, peanut pod number reached the largest at 115 kg/hm² nitrogen application, increased by 6.83% and 3.90% compared with that of N50 and N180, the dry matter weight and plant traits were also improved. Under the condition of this experiment, the main yield traits of peanut increased with the increase of nitrogen application under low density of 120000 plants/hm², and the interaction effect of planting density of 200000 plants/hm² and nitrogen application rate of 115 kg/hm² was the best.

Key words: spring peanut, planting density, nitrogen application rate, single seeding, plant traits, yield traits

中图分类号:

S565.2

陈康, 林倩, 王永丽, 王廷利, 陈红. 种植密度和施氮量互作对单粒精播花生植株和产量性状的影响[J]. 农学学报, 2022, 12(9): 42-46.

CHEN Kang, LIN Qian, WANG Yongli, WANG Tingli, CHEN Hong. Interaction Effects of Planting Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Plant and Yield Traits of Single Seeding Peanut[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2022, 12(9): 42-46.

图/表 3

参考文献 39

[1]	万书波, 张佳蕾. 中国花生产业降本增效新途径探讨[J]. 中国油料作物学报, 2019(41):657-662.
[2]	王晓娟. 花生2016年市场形势及2017年展望[J]. 农产品市场周刊, 2017(4):33-34.
[3]	万书波. 花生优质安全增效栽培理论与技术[M]. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2009.
[4]	邵长亮. 花生单粒精播节种高产理论与技术研究[D]. 烟台: 莱阳农学院, 2005.
[5]	张佳蕾, 郭峰, 杨佃卿, 等. 单粒精播对超高产花生群体结构和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015(48):3757-3766.
[6]	李安东, 任卫国, 王才斌, 等. 花生单粒精播高产栽培生育特点及配套技术研究[J]. 花生学报, 2004(2):17-22.
[7]	郑永美, 王才斌, 万书波, 等. 不同形态氮肥对花生氮代谢及氮积累的影响[J]. 山东农业科学, 2012, 44(2):57-62.
[8]	万书波, 封海胜, 左学青, 等. 不同供氮水平花生的氮素利用效率[J]. 山东农业科学, 2000(1):31-33.
[9]	赵秀芬, 房增国. 大豆、花生固氮与施氮关系的研究进展[J]. 安徽农学通报, 2005, 11(3):48-49.
[10]	张翔, 张新友, 毛家伟, 等. 施氮水平对不同花生品种产量与品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(6):1417-1423.
[11]	WANG C B, ZHENG Y M, SHEN P, et al. Determining N supplied sources and N use efficiency for peanut under applications of four forms of N fertilizers labeled by isotope 15N[J]. J Integr agric, 2016, 15:432-439. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61079-6 URL
[12]	吴正锋. 花生高产高效氮素养分调控研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2014.
[13]	JU X T, KOU C L, ZHANG F S, et al. Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain[J]. Environ pollut, 2006, 143:117-125. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.005 URL
[14]	HECHT V L, TEMPERTON V M, NAGEL K A, et al. Plant density modifies root system architecture in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through a change in nodal root number[J]. Plant soil, 2019, 439:179-200. doi: 10.1007/s11104-018-3764-9 URL
[15]	FARSHBAF-JAFARI S, PIRZAD A, TAJBAKHSH M, et al. Effects of water supply and plant density on leaf characteristics of Amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.). 2nd International conference on sustainable environment and agriculture IPCBEE. Singapore: LACSIT Press, 2014:17-20.
[16]	司贤宗, 张翔, 毛家伟, 等. 施氮量对花生产质量及氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2016, 32(29):91-96.
[17]	XU C L, HUANG S B, TIAN B J, et al. Manipulating planting density and nitrogen fertilizer application to improve yield and reduce environmental impact in Chinese maize production[J]. Front plant sci, 2017, 08:1234. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01234 URL
[18]	PASLEY H R, CAMBERATO J J, CAIRNS J E, et al. Nitrogen rate impacts on tropical maize nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen depletion in eastern and southern Africa[J]. Nutr cycl agroecosyst, 2020, 116:397-408. doi: 10.1007/s10705-020-10049-x URL
[19]	CIAMPITTI I A, VYN T J. Physiological perspectives of changes over time in maize yield dependency on nitrogen uptake and associated nitrogen efficiencies:A review[J]. Field Crops Res, 2012, 133:48-67. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.03.008 URL
[20]	LESKOVSEK R, DATTA A, SIMONCIC A, et al. Influence of nitrogen and plant density on the growth and seed production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)[J]. J pest Sci, 2012, 85:527-539. doi: 10.1007/s10340-012-0433-2 URL
[21]	王士红, 杨中旭, 史加亮, 等. 增密减氮对棉花干物质和氮素积累分配及产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2020(46):395-407.
[22]	张含笑, 林参, 左青松, 等. 种植密度和施肥量对油菜毯状苗生长的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2019(45):1691-1698.
[23]	左青松, 蒯婕, 杨士芬, 等. 不同氮肥和密度对直播油菜冠层结构及群体特征的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2015(41):758-765.
[24]	HILL J O, SIMPSON R J, MOORE 1 A D, et al. Morphology and response of roots of pasture species to phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition[J]. Plant soil, 2006, 286:7-19. doi: 10.1007/s11104-006-0014-3 URL
[25]	郑亚萍, 王春晓, 郑祖林, 等. 磷对花生根系形态特征的影响[J]. 中国油料作物学报, 2019(41):622-628.
[26]	郑永美, 王春晓, 刘岐茂, 等. 氮肥对花生根系生长和结瘤能力的调控效应[J]. 核农学报, 2017(31):2418-2425.
[27]	ELAZAB A, SERRET M D, ARAUS J L. Interactive effect of water and nitrogen regimes on plant growth,root traits and water status of old and modern durum wheat genotypes[J]. Planta, 2016, 244:125-144. doi: 10.1007/s00425-016-2500-z URL
[28]	丁红, 张智猛, 戴良香, 等. 水氮互作对花生根系生长及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015(48):872-881.
[29]	刘俊华, 吴正锋, 沈浦, 等. 氮肥与密度互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响[J/OL]. 作物学报:1-14. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1809.S.20200630.1330.004.html [2020-08-22].
[30]	郑亚萍, 王才斌, 成波, 等. 不同品种类型花生精播肥料与密度的产量效应及优化配置研究[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 2007(1):201-205.
[31]	张艳艳, 李文金, 陈建生, 等. 麦后直播花生施氮对根瘤生长发育、荚果产量和氮素利用的影响[J]. 花生学报, 2015, 44(1):18-22.
[32]	张翔, 张新友, 张玉亭, 等. 施氮量对不同花生品种生长及干物质积累的影响[J]. 花生学报, 2011, 40(1):23-29.
[33]	孙虎, 王月福, 马东辉, 等. 施氮量对不同类型花生生长发育及产量的影响[J]. 安徽农学通报, 2007(3):76-77,84.
[34]	杨吉顺, 李尚霞, 张智猛, 等. 施氮对不同花生品种光合特性及干物质积累的影响[J]. 核农学报, 2014, 28(1):154-160. doi: 10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.01.0154
[35]	赵长星, 邵长亮, 王月福, 等. 单粒精播模式下种植密度对花生群体生态特征及产量的影响[J]. 农学学报, 2013, 3(2):1-5.
[36]	修俊杰, 张伯岩. 单粒精播模式下密度对花生产量及干物质积累的影响[J]. 农学学报, 2018, 8(11):9-15,61.
[37]	周录英, 李向东, 汤笑, 等. 氮、磷、钾肥配施对花生生理特性及产量、品质的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2008, 28(6):2707-2714.
[38]	周录英, 李向东, 汤笑, 等. 氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生生理特性及产量品质的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2007, 11:2468-2474.
[39]	孙虎, 王月福, 王铭伦, 等. 施氮量对不同类型花生品种衰老特性和产量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(10):2671-2677.

种植密度	氮肥水平	出苗期	苗期		花针期		结荚期		收获期
种植密度	氮肥水平	总干重/ (g/株)	总干重/ (g/株)	阶段增长率/%	总干重/ (g/株)	阶段增长率/%	总干重/ (g/株)	阶段增长率/%	总干重/ (g/株)	阶段增长率/%
D1	N0	1.09c	2.24c	1.15c	6.57c	4.33c	32.56c	25.99c	39.68c	7.12a
	N50	1.28b	2.43c	1.15c	7.67b	5.24b	36.53b	28.86b	43.56b	7.03a
	N115	1.32a	2.75b	1.43b	9.02a	6.27a	37.34b	28.32b	45.45b	8.11a
	N180	1.41a	3.23a	1.82a	9.47a	6.24ab	42.45a	32.98a	49.78a	7.33a
D2	N0	1.15c	2.57d	1.42c	6.43d	3.86c	36.35d	29.92d	42.58d	6.23b
	N50	1.29bc	2.76c	1.47c	7.65c	4.89b	40.87c	33.22c	49.56c	8.69a
	N115	1.33a	4.06a	2.73a	10.45a	6.39a	53.64a	43.19a	60.15a	6.51b
	N180	1.32ab	3.64b	2.32b	9.27b	5.63a	49.16b	39.89b	55.36b	6.20b
D3	N0	1.11b	2.11b	1.00a	5.57c	3.46c	30.78c	25.21c	38.48c	7.70a
	N50	1.29a	2.42a	1.13a	7.84b	5.42b	33.34c	25.50b	41.42c	8.08a
	N115	1.35ab	2.54a	1.19a	8.27b	5.73b	35.64b	27.37b	44.69b	9.05a
	N180	1.42a	2.63a	1.21a	9.17a	6.54a	41.45a	32.28a	49.23a	7.78a

种植密度	氮肥水平	出苗期	苗期		花针期		结荚期		收获期
种植密度	氮肥水平	总干重/ (g/株)	总干重/ (g/株)	阶段增长率/%	总干重/ (g/株)	阶段增长率/%	总干重/ (g/株)	阶段增长率/%	总干重/ (g/株)	阶段增长率/%
D1	N0	1.09c	2.24c	1.15c	6.57c	4.33c	32.56c	25.99c	39.68c	7.12a
	N50	1.28b	2.43c	1.15c	7.67b	5.24b	36.53b	28.86b	43.56b	7.03a
	N115	1.32a	2.75b	1.43b	9.02a	6.27a	37.34b	28.32b	45.45b	8.11a
	N180	1.41a	3.23a	1.82a	9.47a	6.24ab	42.45a	32.98a	49.78a	7.33a
D2	N0	1.15c	2.57d	1.42c	6.43d	3.86c	36.35d	29.92d	42.58d	6.23b
	N50	1.29bc	2.76c	1.47c	7.65c	4.89b	40.87c	33.22c	49.56c	8.69a
	N115	1.33a	4.06a	2.73a	10.45a	6.39a	53.64a	43.19a	60.15a	6.51b
	N180	1.32ab	3.64b	2.32b	9.27b	5.63a	49.16b	39.89b	55.36b	6.20b
D3	N0	1.11b	2.11b	1.00a	5.57c	3.46c	30.78c	25.21c	38.48c	7.70a
	N50	1.29a	2.42a	1.13a	7.84b	5.42b	33.34c	25.50b	41.42c	8.08a
	N115	1.35ab	2.54a	1.19a	8.27b	5.73b	35.64b	27.37b	44.69b	9.05a
	N180	1.42a	2.63a	1.21a	9.17a	6.54a	41.45a	32.28a	49.23a	7.78a

种植密度	氮肥水平	主茎叶片数/个			侧枝数/条			主茎高/cm			侧枝长/cm			第一节间粗/mm
种植密度	氮肥水平	花针期	结荚期	收获期	花针期	结荚期	收获期	花针期	结荚期	收获期	花针期	结荚期	收获期	花针期	结荚期	收获期
D1	N0	11.5a	25.0ab	26.3bc	21.7a	22.5a	26.3a	18.3a	43.5a	50.6a	21.9b	50.1b	57.9ab	7.8a	—	13.0a
	N50	11.7a	25.3ab	30.0a	24.7a	25.3cd	26.8ab	19.3c	46.1a	50.7b	22.6b	51.9ab	58.0a	7.9a	—	13.4a
	N115	11.6b	24.0b	29.3bc	24.8c	26.3cd	26.7cd	20.0a	48.3a	51.1a	24.6a	50.1b	59.1a	7.9bc	—	13.6b
	N180	11.8a	25.2b	29.8b	24.7a	26.5a	27.2a	21.2a	48.6a	52.2a	25.2a	50.9b	59.2b	8.0a	—	13.8a
D2	N0	11.3a	24.3ab	23.7c	15.7b	22.3cd	24.0c	18.6b	44.5a	50.2a	20.2b	47.6a	54.1ab	7.0a	—	9.9b
	N50	11.4b	25.3ab	24.7c	16.8b	23.0ab	25.3c	19.5a	45.8a	50.3b	21.4b	49.2a	55.4ab	7.5a	—	10.1b
	N115	11.8a	25.5ab	25.3c	17.2b	25.7cd	26.3b	20.7b	47.1a	52.1a	23.3a	50.4a	57.9ab	7.7c	—	10.4a
	N180	11.7a	24.9b	25.1c	16.9b	24.8c	26.1b	20.6b	46.6b	51.2a	23.2b	50.2b	57.8b	7.6b	—	10.3b
D3	N0	10.0a	22.0b	22.3bc	10.8c	18.3cd	18.7c	17.1a	43.3a	41.1a	19.6a	40.1b	52.1a	5.9bc	—	8.8b
	N50	10.2b	22.3b	23.0c	13.3b	19.7d	20.0b	17.7c	44.0a	42.6a	20.3b	41.2b	53.3b	6.6c	—	8.9b
	N115	10.8a	22.7ab	23.0c	13.2bc	23.3cd	22.7d	18.4a	45.3a	43.9a	20.8b	43.9a	57.3a	6.8ab	—	9.4b
	N180	10.9a	22.9b	24.1b	14.8a	23.1c	22.6	18.6a	45.8a	43.8b	21.3a	44.3a	57.5b	7.0a	—	9.6b

种植密度	氮肥水平	主茎叶片数/个			侧枝数/条			主茎高/cm			侧枝长/cm			第一节间粗/mm
种植密度	氮肥水平	花针期	结荚期	收获期	花针期	结荚期	收获期	花针期	结荚期	收获期	花针期	结荚期	收获期	花针期	结荚期	收获期
D1	N0	11.5a	25.0ab	26.3bc	21.7a	22.5a	26.3a	18.3a	43.5a	50.6a	21.9b	50.1b	57.9ab	7.8a	—	13.0a
	N50	11.7a	25.3ab	30.0a	24.7a	25.3cd	26.8ab	19.3c	46.1a	50.7b	22.6b	51.9ab	58.0a	7.9a	—	13.4a
	N115	11.6b	24.0b	29.3bc	24.8c	26.3cd	26.7cd	20.0a	48.3a	51.1a	24.6a	50.1b	59.1a	7.9bc	—	13.6b
	N180	11.8a	25.2b	29.8b	24.7a	26.5a	27.2a	21.2a	48.6a	52.2a	25.2a	50.9b	59.2b	8.0a	—	13.8a
D2	N0	11.3a	24.3ab	23.7c	15.7b	22.3cd	24.0c	18.6b	44.5a	50.2a	20.2b	47.6a	54.1ab	7.0a	—	9.9b
	N50	11.4b	25.3ab	24.7c	16.8b	23.0ab	25.3c	19.5a	45.8a	50.3b	21.4b	49.2a	55.4ab	7.5a	—	10.1b
	N115	11.8a	25.5ab	25.3c	17.2b	25.7cd	26.3b	20.7b	47.1a	52.1a	23.3a	50.4a	57.9ab	7.7c	—	10.4a
	N180	11.7a	24.9b	25.1c	16.9b	24.8c	26.1b	20.6b	46.6b	51.2a	23.2b	50.2b	57.8b	7.6b	—	10.3b
D3	N0	10.0a	22.0b	22.3bc	10.8c	18.3cd	18.7c	17.1a	43.3a	41.1a	19.6a	40.1b	52.1a	5.9bc	—	8.8b
	N50	10.2b	22.3b	23.0c	13.3b	19.7d	20.0b	17.7c	44.0a	42.6a	20.3b	41.2b	53.3b	6.6c	—	8.9b
	N115	10.8a	22.7ab	23.0c	13.2bc	23.3cd	22.7d	18.4a	45.3a	43.9a	20.8b	43.9a	57.3a	6.8ab	—	9.4b
	N180	10.9a	22.9b	24.1b	14.8a	23.1c	22.6	18.6a	45.8a	43.8b	21.3a	44.3a	57.5b	7.0a	—	9.6b

种植密度	氮肥水平	单株荚果重/g	百果重/g	比对照增加/%	产量/(kg/hm²)	比对照增加/%
D1	N0	32.45±0.31c	187.54±0.65d		3894.00±1.01c
	N50	38.95±0.36b	193.87±0.73c	3.38	4674.00±0.80b	20.03
	N115	42.37±0.98a	196.58±1.32b	4.82	5084.40±1.06a	30.57
	N180	43.68±1.03a	201.42±0.74a	7.40	5241.60±3.03a	34.61
D2	N0	28.24±0.63d	185.87±0.95d		5648.00±0.91d
	N50	31.75±0.42c	192.57±0.62c	3.60	6350.00±0.65c	12.43
	N115	33.68±0.74a	218.68±1.45a	17.65	6736.00±1.03a	19.26
	N180	32.58±0.65b	200.78±1.15b	8.02	6516.00±1.17b	15.37
D3	N0	17.52±0.87d	178.58±1.23d		4905.60±1.36d
	N50	20.51±0.43c	184.68±1.32c	3.42	5742.80±1.41c	17.07
	N115	21.52±1.02b	190.78±0.74b	6.83	6025.60±0.21b	22.83
	N180	23.35±0.92a	198.36±0.52a	11.08	6538.00±0.66a	33.28