强化植物对重金属污染土壤的修复技术研究进展

doi:10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0125

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤重金属污染是全球面临的环境问题之一，其不仅影响土壤和作物质量，还对人类健康构成潜在威胁。传统的植物修复技术面临着修复周期长、适应性差、污染复杂性等挑战，因此，探索强化技术在植物修复重金属污染土壤过程中去除、分解和解毒机理具有重要意义。通过对强化植物修复重金属污染土壤文献的收集，简明描述基因工程技术、植物生长调节剂应用、微生物协同修复、添加螯合剂等技术，重点剖析了这些技术如何提高植物对重金属离子的耐受能力，影响重金属离子在植物体内的转运。本研究提出了在未来农业生产中可以更加专注于了解植物的分子机制和基因调控网络和不同植物对特定营养元素的需求和吸收能力，探索更多的原位生物抗性资源和组合模式，丰富污染范围内的细菌和植株的共生系统，进行螯合剂剂量优化研究，优选可降解的螯合剂或开发环境友好型的替代物，以期为强化植物技术解决土壤重金属污染问题提供理论基础和实践依据。

关键词: 植物修复, 植物提取, 重金属, 土壤重金属污染, 基因工程技术, 微生物协同修复, 螯合剂, 富集效率, 强化措施

Abstract:

Heavy metal contamination of soil affects soil and crop quality and poses a threat to human health. Traditional phytoremediation techniques face challenges such as prolonged remediation cycles, poor adaptability, and the complexity of pollution, thus making it crucial to explore the mechanisms of removal, decomposition, and detoxification through enhanced phytoremediation technologies in heavy metal-contaminated soils. By collecting literature on intensive phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils, we concisely described techniques such as genetic engineering, the application of plant growth regulators, microbial synergistic remediation, and the addition of chelating agents, focusing on how these techniques enhance plant tolerance to heavy metal ions and affect their transport within the plant. This paper proposed that future agricultural production should focus more on understanding the molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory networks of plants, as well as the demand and uptake capacity of different plants for specific nutrients. Additionally, it suggested exploring more in situ bioresistance resources and combinatorial modes, enriching the symbiotic systems of bacteria and plants within contamination ranges, optimizing the dosage of chelating agents, and prioritizing biodegradable chelating agents or developing environmentally friendly substitutes. These efforts aimed to provide a theoretical and practical basis for utilizing enhanced phytoremediation technologies to address soil heavy metal contamination.

Key words: phytoremediation, plant extraction, heavy metal, soil heavy metal pollution, genetic engineering techniques, microbial synergistic remediation, chelation agents, enrichment efficiency, enhancement measures

王羿驰, 林颖仪, 吴美青, 吴亮亮, 沈雪峰, 郑超. 强化植物对重金属污染土壤的修复技术研究进展[J]. 农学学报, 2025, 15(9): 58-70.

WANG Yichi, LIN Yingyi, WU Meiqing, WU Liangliang, SHEN Xuefeng, ZHENG Chao. Research Progress on Enhanced Phytoremediation Techniques for Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2025, 15(9): 58-70.

图/表 4

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植物生长调节剂	目标植物	效果	参考文献
GB	橄榄树	减少Pb毒效应	[34]
IAA	豌豆	对Cu胁迫下豌豆幼苗氧化还原状态起保护作用	[35]
IAA	印度芥菜	IAA通过上调抗氧化系统平衡活性氧相关损伤的机制，缓解Cd和Pb胁迫	[36]
IAA	葫芦巴	低剂量IAA通过上调抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环减轻毒性。	[37]
ABA	绿豆	抵消了Cd诱导的抗氧化酶的改变，改善不定根	[38]
IAA、GA₃	土荆芥	外源施用GA₃和IAA可降低Cd胁迫	[39]
BRs	水稻	水稻不同阶段施用BRs可改善光合作用	[40]
BRs	番茄	缓解菲-Cd共污染的毒效应	[41]
EBL	绿豆	显著恢复了Cd降低的叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和叶片多酚水平	[42]
EBL	葡萄	提高了可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量，提高对Cu胁迫的耐受性	[43]
EBL、SA	印度芥菜	EBL+SA的协同应用改善植物抗氧化防御，以对抗Pb毒性产生的氧化应激	[44]

植物生长调节剂	目标植物	效果	参考文献
GB	橄榄树	减少Pb毒效应	[34]
IAA	豌豆	对Cu胁迫下豌豆幼苗氧化还原状态起保护作用	[35]
IAA	印度芥菜	IAA通过上调抗氧化系统平衡活性氧相关损伤的机制，缓解Cd和Pb胁迫	[36]
IAA	葫芦巴	低剂量IAA通过上调抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环减轻毒性。	[37]
ABA	绿豆	抵消了Cd诱导的抗氧化酶的改变，改善不定根	[38]
IAA、GA₃	土荆芥	外源施用GA₃和IAA可降低Cd胁迫	[39]
BRs	水稻	水稻不同阶段施用BRs可改善光合作用	[40]
BRs	番茄	缓解菲-Cd共污染的毒效应	[41]
EBL	绿豆	显著恢复了Cd降低的叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和叶片多酚水平	[42]
EBL	葡萄	提高了可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量，提高对Cu胁迫的耐受性	[43]
EBL、SA	印度芥菜	EBL+SA的协同应用改善植物抗氧化防御，以对抗Pb毒性产生的氧化应激	[44]

菌株	目标植物	效果	参考文献
Rhodococcus qingshengii	东南景天	显著提高植物对土壤中Zn、Cd、Ni和Pb的提取效果	[67]
S. arlettae MT4	向日葵	分泌大量的IAA，GA3和SA，增强抗氧化系统，缓解Cr胁迫	[68]
Glomus caledonium 90036；	东南景天	接种Gc的东南景天对Cd的提取效率提高了78%	[69]
Piriformospora indica	黄花蒿	改善次生代谢，增强植物对Cd毒性的修复能力	[70]
Mucor sp. CBRF59T3	油菜	促进Cd从根向茎的转运，增加对Cd的提取量	[71]
Cupriavidus SaCR1、Burkholdria SaMR10、 Sphingomonas SaMR12	芥菜	PGPB促进了Cd在茎部的吸收和积累，提高Cd的提取率	[72]
Sphingomonas SaMR12	芥菜	降低H₂O₂、MDA和脯氨酸浓度，提高抗氧化酶活性，提高植物对重金属的耐受性	[73]
Glomus mosseae	三白叶草黑麦草	改善植株的磷营养，降低根系对地上部As的转运和地上部As浓度。	[74]
Rhizobacterium Bacillus sp. SC2b	甘蓝型油菜	接种SC2b的植株根系和茎部Cd和Zn积累量显著增加	[75]

菌株	目标植物	效果	参考文献
Rhodococcus qingshengii	东南景天	显著提高植物对土壤中Zn、Cd、Ni和Pb的提取效果	[67]
S. arlettae MT4	向日葵	分泌大量的IAA，GA3和SA，增强抗氧化系统，缓解Cr胁迫	[68]
Glomus caledonium 90036；	东南景天	接种Gc的东南景天对Cd的提取效率提高了78%	[69]
Piriformospora indica	黄花蒿	改善次生代谢，增强植物对Cd毒性的修复能力	[70]
Mucor sp. CBRF59T3	油菜	促进Cd从根向茎的转运，增加对Cd的提取量	[71]
Cupriavidus SaCR1、Burkholdria SaMR10、 Sphingomonas SaMR12	芥菜	PGPB促进了Cd在茎部的吸收和积累，提高Cd的提取率	[72]
Sphingomonas SaMR12	芥菜	降低H₂O₂、MDA和脯氨酸浓度，提高抗氧化酶活性，提高植物对重金属的耐受性	[73]
Glomus mosseae	三白叶草黑麦草	改善植株的磷营养，降低根系对地上部As的转运和地上部As浓度。	[74]
Rhizobacterium Bacillus sp. SC2b	甘蓝型油菜	接种SC2b的植株根系和茎部Cd和Zn积累量显著增加	[75]

螯合剂
EDTA	黄麻	显著减轻了铜对黄麻幼苗的毒性，显著提高了其生物量	[93]
EDTA	竹	增加竹各组织对Pb的吸收，根部Pb富集量显著高于其他组织	[94]
EDDS	水稻	减轻Cu诱导的毒性作用来提高植物对过量Cu毒性的耐受性	[95]
EDDS	向日葵	显著增强对Cd和Pb的提取效果	[96]
CA	黄麻	CA通过降低MDA的含量来缓解Cu诱导的氧化应激，有助于增加根部和芽部的Cu浓度	[97]
EDTA、CA	向日葵	土壤重金属有效态含量增加	[98]
EDTA、EDDS	刺苞菜蓟	EDTA比EDDS更能促进根对Pb的吸收和根到茎的转运	[99]
EDDS、EDTA	烟草	增加了Cu的吸收	[100]
EDDS、NTA	华中蹄盖蕨	随着NTA和EDDS剂量的增加，植物地上部Pb浓度显著升高	[101]
EDTA、EDDS、NTA	黑麦草	均可增加植物生物量，植物枝条中Zn浓度显著增加	[102]
CA、EDDS、EDTA	蓖麻	EDDS可代替EDTA修复Cd污染土壤，EDTA对Pb修复效果最好	[103]
GLDA、NTA、EDDS、CA	苋菜	GLDA+NTA联合处理有效提高可溶性Cd含量	[104]
EDTA、CA、OA、TA	菠菜	TA对促进Pb的吸收和根向地上部转运最有效	[105]