有机无机肥配施对夏玉米根系分布及产量形成的调控

doi:10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0105

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究有机无机肥配施对夏玉米根系空间分布及产量形成的影响，探讨玉米根系对产量形成的作用，以期促进根土互作、加强根系与水肥的耦合性，提高产量及氮素利用效率。以‘郑单958’(ZD958)为试验材料，设置单施无机肥(U)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机肥配施(U+M)和不施肥作对照(CK)，进行大田试验，研究有机无机肥配施对氮素吸收效率的差异。结果表明：有机无机肥处理增加根系干重、根长密度，尤其增加40~80 cm土层根长密度，使其根系空间分布合理并且深层根系多，深层根系与养分的协调性较好，根系功能期长，既能满足前期养分的需要又能够为玉米后期的生长提供足够的养分，因此有机无机肥配施的总氮素积累量、氮肥偏生产、氮肥农学利用效率均高于其他施肥处理，有利于籽粒的形成、产量的增加。单施有机肥和单施无机肥处理增加表层土壤根系，不利于产量的形成。通过有机无机肥配施在不降低谷物产量且降低环境风险的情况下维持较好的氮素平衡，提高氮素利用效率，可为黄淮海玉米生产提供理论基础。

关键词: 玉米, 有机无机肥配施, 根系, 产量, 氮素利用效率

Abstract:

The study explored the regulating effect of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on summer maize root distribution and yield, and investigated the effect of maize root system on yield formation, aiming to promote root and soil interaction, enhance root and water-fertilizer coupling, and improve yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency. ‘Zhengdan 958’ was used as the experimental material. There were four treatments: chemical fertilizer treatment (U), organic manure treatment (M), organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer (U+M), and no fertilizer treatment (CK). The difference of N use efficiency under the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer was studied in field experiments. The results showed that U+M increased root dry weight and root length density, especially root length density in 40-80 cm soil layer. It also prompted deep root growth and reasonable root spatial distribution, improved the harmony of deep roots and nutrients, extended the root function period, which could not only meet the nutrient requirement in the early maize growth stage but also provide sufficient nutrient for the later period. So, the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer had higher nitrogen accumulation amount, nitrogen partial productivity, and nitrogen agronomic utilization efficiency compared with other treatments, and it was beneficial to grain formation and yield increase. Chemical fertilizer treatment and organic manure treatment enhanced root growth in topsoil, which was not conducive to yield formation. In short, the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer can maintain N balance and improve N use efficiency on the premise of keeping the yield level and reducing environment risks. The study can provide a theoretical basis for maize production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.

Key words: maize, combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, root system, yield, nitrogen use efficiency

黄慧. 有机无机肥配施对夏玉米根系分布及产量形成的调控[J]. 农学学报, 2023, 13(9): 13-17.

HUANG Hui. Regulating Summer Maize Root Distribution and Yield by Combined Application of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2023, 13(9): 13-17.

图/表 5

参考文献 29

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处理	穗数(×10⁴穗/hm²)	穗粒数/粒	千粒重/g	产量/(t/hm²)
CK	7.20a	465.32c	333.96b	11.19d
U	7.49a	506.36b	356.66a	13.53b
U+M	7.41a	543.63a	361.94a	14.58a
M	7.24a	493.95b	329.60b	11.79c

处理	穗数(×10⁴穗/hm²)	穗粒数/粒	千粒重/g	产量/(t/hm²)
CK	7.20a	465.32c	333.96b	11.19d
U	7.49a	506.36b	356.66a	13.53b
U+M	7.41a	543.63a	361.94a	14.58a
M	7.24a	493.95b	329.60b	11.79c

处理	干物质积累量/(g/株)			花前比例/%	花后比例/%
处理	成熟期	花前	花后	花前比例/%	花后比例/%
CK	176.54d	84.1267d	92.4133d	47.65305313	52.346947
U	254.96b	118.58b	136.38b	46.50925635	53.490744
U+M	398.53a	170.31a	228.22a	42.73537751	57.264622
M	222.21c	110.63c	111.58c	49.78623824	50.213762

处理	干物质积累量/(g/株)			花前比例/%	花后比例/%
处理	成熟期	花前	花后	花前比例/%	花后比例/%
CK	176.54d	84.1267d	92.4133d	47.65305313	52.346947
U	254.96b	118.58b	136.38b	46.50925635	53.490744
U+M	398.53a	170.31a	228.22a	42.73537751	57.264622
M	222.21c	110.63c	111.58c	49.78623824	50.213762

处理	土层
处理	0~20 cm	20~40 cm	40~60 cm	60~80 cm
CK	1.17a	0.33b	0.19b	0.29b
U	1.24a	0.54a	0.35a	0.54a
U+M	1.11ab	0.64a	0.56a	0.88a
M	1.22a	0.43b	0.14c	0.14b