Current issue

• 2022 Vol.12 No.3 Published:20 March 2022

  Wheat Lodging: Cause and Mechanism and Its Effect on Wheat Yield and Quality SUN Yingying, WANG Chao, WANG Ruixia, MU Qiuhuan, MI Yong, LV Guangde, QI Xiaolei, SUN Xianyin, CHEN Yongjun, QIAN Zhaoguo, WU Ke 2022, 12 (3):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0043 Abstract + ( 558 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF ( 1056KB )   ( 736 ) Lodging is a key factor which restricts the wheat production. The lodging resistance improvement of wheat is beneficial to the harvest mechanization and agricultural production efficiency of wheat. Furthermore, the grain yield and quality can also be improved. In order to clarify the cause and the mechanism of lodging and its effects on wheat yield and quality, this paper summarized four aspects including the influencing factors, the lodging mechanism of stem, the effect of lodging on yield and on grain quality. Finally, key measures of lodging resistance and the future research direction were pointed out from two perspectives of breeding and cultivation measures. In the aspect of breeding, we should combine agronomic traits (such as plant height, stem thickness and filling rate) with mechanical properties (such as stem breaking resistance), and select high-yield and lodging-resistance varieties. In cultivation, we should pay attention to the coordination of different measures to achieve high yield and lodging resistance at the same time.

  Intermission Seeding Under Millet and Peanut Intercropping: Effects on the Agronomic Traits and Yield of Millet LI Guoqing, LI Guoyu, CONG Xinjun, LI Ni 2022, 12 (3):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0182 Abstract + ( 342 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1245KB )   ( 303 ) The aim is to study the effect of intermission seeding under millet and peanut intercropping on millet agronomic traits and yield. The millet variety ‘Jinxuan 6’ was used as material, 6 seeding dates of millet (T1: May 15, T2: May 20, T3: May 25, T4: May 30, T5: June 4 and T6: June 9) were set up, and the seeding date of peanut was May 15. Then the agronomic traits, yield factors and yield of millet were explored in different treatments, and the yield and intercropping productivity under the millet and peanut intercropping mode were studied. The results showed that with the postponing of millet sowing date, the height, ear weight, ear length and grain weight of millet decreased first and then increased, while the stalk thickness, dry weight and ear formation rate of millet presented a decreasing trend. Under intercropping, there was a significantly positive correlation between millet yield and ear length (0.911 *). At the same time, the later the sowing date of millet, the greater the impact of peanut on millet, which could affect the ear length and the grain weight per spike of millet and was not good for millet yield formation. The land equivalence ratio (LER) of the intercropping mode increased first and then decreased with the postponing of the sowing date, and the LER of T4 reached the maximum, and then decreased, the LER was less than 1 at T6, showing the disadvantages of intercropping. Therefore, under the condition of this experiment, at T4 (when sowing date of millet was 10 days later than the sowing date of peanut), the comprehensive yield of millet and peanut intercropping could reach the maximum and the yield of millet was relatively high.

  Wild Relatives of Common Buckwheat: Observation and Utilization GAO Runqing, GAO Yue, HUANG Aibin, DAN Zhenrong, ZHENG Fenyan, WANG Ting, DU Jianjun, REN Qinqin, AI Rong, GAO Lirong 2022, 12 (3):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0050 Abstract + ( 331 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1622KB )   ( 228 ) To increase the yield of cultivated common buckwheat, the traditional common buckwheat varieties with high yield were improved by using the superior related wild resources of buckwheat. According to the observation and statistics, the external morphology of wild relatives and cultivated common buckwheat were identical, while the floral structures were different. Among them, the stems of wild relatives were hard and the growth period was moderate, and wild relatives of buckwheat also had the advantages of equal length of pistils and stamens, self-fertility (the seed setting rate was as high as 41.9%-62.6%, and the bagging self-crossing seed setting rate was 21.2%) and fertility after hybridizing with common buckwheat. However, there were also some disadvantages in the wild relatives, such as strong seed shattering and easy panicle germination. The common buckwheat had extremely long stamens (cross-pollination) and the setting rate of crossing and bagging self-crossing (indicating self-crossing sterility) were only 12.9% and 0.9%, respectively. F1 (wild relatives used as the female parent and common buckwheat as the male parent) showed the genetic markers of male parent’s red wings, which indicated that it was a hybrid definitely. The yield results showed that the average yield per plant of female parent was 6.3 gram and the thousand-grain weight was 20.4 g, while the average yield of F1 was 23.4 g per plant and the thousand-grain weight was 27.1 g. The yield of F1 was 3.7 times that of the female parent plant, showing significant heterosis in F1. The results of experimentⅡshowed that F1 had the middle color of parental corolla, which was incomplete dominant. Besides, the plant height was relatively low and its pistils and stamens in floral structure were with equal length. In F2 generation, five dark red plants, the same color of corolla as their male parent, were isolated; among which, 2 plants had the same flower structure as their female parent (the equal length of pistils and stamens). The seed setting rate of these five plants was 47%. Another three plants were heterogony, which was the same as their male parent, and the seed setting rate was less than 10%. The study indicates that the wild relatives of buckwheat have cross compatibility with common buckwheat, and they possess strong heterosis, self-fertility and high seed setting rate, so they could be considered to be a quite precious germplasm resource to improve the low-yield situation of common buckwheat.

  The Control Effects of Different Fungicides on Main Diseases of Aconitum carmichaeli LIU Yong, ZENG Hualan, YE Pengsheng, HE Lian, HUA Lixia, SUN Xiaofang, JIANG Qiuping, HE Xiaomin, WANG Mingjuan, ZHANG Min 2022, 12 (3):  17-22.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0192 Abstract + ( 352 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1179KB )   ( 368 ) The paper aims to effectively control the virus disease (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), downy mildew disease (Peronospora aconiti), southern blight disease (Sclerotium rolfsii) and root rot disease (Fusarium solani) of Aconitum carmichaeli. The field control effects of eight fungicides, including Bacillus subtilis (100 billion cfu/g) WP, iprodione SC (500 g/L), fludioxonil FSC (25 g/L), picoxystrobin 22.5% SC, kasugamycin·copper oxychloride 47% WP, pyraclostrobin·metiram 60% WG, oligosaccharins·chain protein 6% WP, and pyraclostrobin EC (250 g/L), were evaluated. The results demonstrated that oligosaccharins·chain protein 6% WP was the most effective fungicide against the virus disease, the field control efficacy was 71.03%-72.98%. Pyraclostrobin EC (250 g/L), iprodione SC (500 g/L), and fludioxonil FSC (25 g/L) were highly effective to the downy mildew, southern blight, and root rot, respectively. The field control efficacy was 70.97%-73.89%, 61.07%-69.80%, and 61.26%-66.18%, respectively. The four effective fungicides were screened out in the experiment, which could be applied to A. carmichaeli cultivating area in Sichuan.

  Investigation on Peach Aphids and Study on Insecticides’ Control Efficacy and Safety for Natural Enemies GONG Qingtao, LI Guixiang, LI Suhong, WU Haibin, JIANG Lili, SUN Ruihong, ZHANG Anning 2022, 12 (3):  23-29.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas20200100011 Abstract + ( 368 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1766KB )   ( 436 ) To clarify the damage characteristics of aphids in peach trees, the species, quantity and damage were investigated. The spraying method was used to compare the control efficacy of 4 insecticides on Myzus persicae Sulzer. The quantities and species of natural enemies, the dominance degree, the state of main natural enemies after 21 days of spraying insecticides, the effect of insecticide concentrations on natural enemies were compared. The results showed that: (1) in terms of species, nectarine and wild peach were mainly damaged by M. persicae, and the flowering peach was mainly damaged by Hyalopterus amygdali Blanchard; quantitatively speaking, M. persicae in nectarine accounted for 95.4%, which was significantly higher than the number of H. amygdali, and there was no damage by Tuberocephalus momonis Matsumura; for wild peach, the quantities of M. persicae and H. amygdali were similar, which were significantly higher than that of T. momonis; flowering peach was mainly damaged by H. amygdali, and there were significant differences in the number of aphid species; M. persicae and H. amygdali had the mixed occurrence on individual leaf; (2) spirotetramat and sulfoxaflor were recommended at 44.8 mg/L and 33.3 mg/L for spraying treatment, and their 21 days’ control efficacy was 99.9% and 82.1%, respectively; veratridine was recommended at 10 mg/L, its 14 days’control efficacy was 38.5%; Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 was not recommended for M. persicae control; (3) the investigation revealed that there were 7 species of natural enemies of M. persicae, and Harmonia axyridis Pallas was the dominant species, accounting for 91.0%; Propylaea japonica Thunberg was the abundant species, accounting for 7.7%, and the rest were the occasional species; the stage development of the 2 species of ladybugs was basically the same, and the larvae and eggs were dominant in this stage. The study showed that all insecticides and treatments were safe for predatory natural enemies.

  Environmental Risk Assessment and Spatial-temporal Features of Fertilizer Utilization in Zhejiang WANG Yulei, SHAN Yingjie, QIN Yebo 2022, 12 (3):  30-34.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas20200100004 Abstract + ( 319 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1284KB )   ( 182 ) Based on the fertilization intensity, environmental safety threshold and fertilization efficiency, a model of environmental risk assessment was adopted to analyze the spatial-temporal features of chemical fertilization in Zhejiang Province from 1978 to 2017. The results showed that the total amount and the intensity of fertilizer used in cultivated land of Zhejiang increased and then decreased from 1978 to 2017, and obvious differences existed in different areas. In 2017, total environmental risk index due to fertilizer use was 0.69, which was at a medium risk level. The environmental risk index of potassium fertilizer application was at low level, and that of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer application was at medium level. The environmental risk index of fertilizer application in Huzhou and Zhoushan was at a safe level, and that of other regions of Zhejiang Province was at medium level. The nitrogen fertilizer application of 2 cities and potassium fertilizer application of 3 cities were at severe risk level. It is suggested that scientific fertilization technologies should be studied to reduce environmental risks and increase fertilizer use efficiency.

  The Optimized Sequence of Leading Crops in Shiyang River Basin Based on Comprehensive Benefits DENG Jianwei, JIN Yanzhao 2022, 12 (3):  35-39.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0101 Abstract + ( 277 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1135KB )   ( 242 ) The study aims to optimize the planting sequence of leading crops in Shiyang River Basin, and provide reference for watershed management and the adjustment of planting structure. Taking the leading crops as subjects, we maximized the comprehensive benefits of crop economy, society and ecology, established the optimized sequence model of leading crops based on the comprehensive benefits, and proposed the planting sequence of leading crops in Shiyang River Basin. The results show that the optimized planting sequence of leading crops is onion, seed melon, wheat, corn, pepper, cotton, fennel and sunflower in the Shiyang River Basin. In the process of the planting structure adjustment and leading crop extension in Shiyang River Basin, the principle of maximizing the comprehensive benefits of crop economy, society and ecology should be followed, and the results of the optimized planting sequence of leading crops should be applied, in order to lay a foundation for the development of water-saving, efficient and high-quality agriculture in Shiyang River Basin.

  The Passivation Stability of Cadmium by Applying Common Mineral Materials LIU Xiaoyue, ZHANG Yan, GE Yi, LIU Nengbin, LIU Weiguo 2022, 12 (3):  40-43.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0213 Abstract + ( 299 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1110KB )   ( 227 ) To study the long-term stability of cadmium passivation in farmland soil by applying mineral passivators, in this paper, four passivators were prepared from lime, sepiolite, bentonite, maifanite and biochar, and the field test method was used to apply passivators once at the rate of 2250 kg/hm2 to planting early rice and late rice for two consecutive years, to compare the changes of available cadmium in soil and the content of cadmium in rice. The results showed that the passivation stability of the four passivators on soil cadmium was P> H> M>S. Among them, the influence of passivator P on the pH of farmland soil was more lasting, and the cadmium content of rice in the field applied with passivator P was <0.2 mg/kg, so passivator P had better long-term stability of soil cadmium passivation. The results could provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of heavy metal polluted farmland and the practical application of passivators.

  Isolated Microspore Culture of Brassica Vegetables: A Review WU Jianbin, CHEN Kunhao, CHEN Muxi, CHEN Changming 2022, 12 (3):  44-49.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0172 Abstract + ( 429 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 1177KB )   ( 338 ) Brassica vegetable is rich in germplasm resources and has very important role in China’s vegetable industry. Isolated microspore culture is a considerable way to create haploid and double haploid, and is significant to improve the breeding efficiency of Brassica vegetables. In order to study the efficient culture system of isolated microspore of Brassica vegetables, the effects of plant materials, pretreatment methods, medium composition, culture density, heat shock, plantlet regeneration, ploidy identification and diploid inducement on microspore culture were summarized. It is proposed that the efficiency of isolated microspore culture of Brassica vegetables could be improved by the optimization of cultivation system, genetic transformation and co-culture treatment.

  Effects of Calabash Rootstock Grafting on Growth, Fruit Traits and Yield of Watermelon ZOU Yijing, JIANG Jianhong, WANG Guangfeng, HUANG Kaimei, LIANG Dagang, YAN Shaobing 2022, 12 (3):  50-54.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2021-0075 Abstract + ( 537 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1155KB )   ( 359 ) The effects of watermelon scion ‘Zaojia’ grafted on seven calabash rootstocks on the survival rate, plant growth, fruit traits, yield and disease resistance were analyzed in this study. A grafted survival rate over 93% was observed in all rootstocks, indicating that they had good compatibility with the scion. Compared with the control, earlier flowering of female flowers and certain effects on fruit traits and yield were observed in all rootstocks’ grafting scion. Furthermore, the watermelon plants grafted on rootstocks ‘Jingxinzhen 1’ and ‘Huoshen’ had enhanced plant growth. The grafted plants on ‘Huoshen’ showed better disease resistance with the disease incidence rate of 21.67%, followed by those on ‘Jingxinzhen 1’ (30.00%). According to these results, the rootstock ‘Jingxinzhen 1’ and ‘Huoshen’ showed better grafting compatibility with ‘Zaojia’, including enhanced plant growth, increased single melon weight, similar fruit appearance and quality to that of scion, better disease resistance, and more than 20% yield increase. Therefore, ‘Jingxinzhen 1’ and ‘Huoshen’ could be used as candidate varieties for the selection of rootstock in watermelon grafting.

  Habitat Investigation and Rhizosphere Soil Analysis of Wild Fritillaria taibaiensis CONG Xiaofeng, CHEN Hao, LI Weimin, LI Dan, LI Sifeng 2022, 12 (3):  55-58.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2021-0133 Abstract + ( 285 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1099KB )   ( 316 ) To understand the habitat and rhizosphere soil status of wild Fritillaria taibaiensis, a field survey was conducted in four counties in Shaanxi Province including Taibai County. The results showed that Fritillaria taibaiensis was found under mountain grass or forest at the altitude of 2000-3300 m, and the altitude was the most important ecological factor affecting the habitat suitability of Fritillaria taibaiensis. The plant distribution in the habitat had obvious high altitude characteristics. The tree layer was mostly deciduous broad-leaved forest with high canopy density, and the shrub layer under the forest was sparse. The variation coefficient of pH in the rhizosphere soil of Fritillaria taibaiensis from different producing areas changed a little, which was only 1.84% and showing that the soil was neutral. The content of nutrient elements and organic matters in the soil changed greatly, and the variation coefficient of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen was the largest of 97.53%. The population of wild Fritillaria taibaiensis was discontinuous, fragmented and sporadic.

  Morphological Characteristics and Parameters of 1-year-old Micropterus salmoides AN Li, ZHANG Zhishan, MENG Qinglei, DONG Xuesa, ZHU Shuren, ZHU Yong’an 2022, 12 (3):  59-64.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0033 Abstract + ( 362 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1550KB )   ( 407 ) To understand the biological characteristics of 1-year-old Micropterus salmoides, both external morphological traits and internal anatomy are investigated by using traditional methods of morphology and anatomy method. M. salmoides is spindle-shaped and covered with ctenoid scale. Its body shows black back, turquoise body side and white abdomen. There are black stripes on body. The ratio of intestine gut length to body length is 0.833, while the ratio of intestine and viscera weight to body weight is 0.006 and 0.091, respectively. Observed numbers of morphological characteristics of M. salmoides are: dorsal fins Ⅷ-Ⅸ(14-15), caudal fins 22-23, anal fins Ⅱ( 10-12), pelvic fins Ⅰ(5), pectoral fins 12~14, lateral line scales 64-71, the upper scales of lateral line 6-10, the lower scales of lateral line 16-17, the first gill arch raker 7-8, pyloric caecum 16-27, vertebrae 26-32. The correlation equation of total length (TL) and body weight (BW) is: BW=2407-20.711TL+0.047TL 2(R2=0.942). The correlation equation of body height and body weight is: BW=0.005BH2.591(R2=0.982). Body height, body width and head height are the main traits that affect body weight. The results could provide morphometric tools for species identification, systematic taxonomy, artificial propagation and variety breeding of M. salmoides.

  Aquaculture Wastewater Pollution and Purification Technology in China: Research Progress WANG Yuqin, ZHENG Yao, QIAN Xinyu, YANG Xiaoxi, CHEN Jiazhang, WU Wei 2022, 12 (3):  65-70.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas20200300088 Abstract + ( 722 )   HTML ( 33 )   PDF ( 1108KB )   ( 1527 ) Wastewater from aquaculture has attracted wide attention as one of the sources of agricultural non-point source pollution, and the management of aquaculture wastewater has become a current research hotspot. In order to understand the mechanism of aquaculture wastewater purification and enhance the purification technology efficiency, this paper introduces the current status, hazards, and related control policies of aquaculture pollution in China, and reviews the aquaculture wastewater purification technologies developed in the past two decades. Finally, the research direction of aquaculture wastewater is discussed to put forward the possibility of strengthening the sedimentation unit, and using new materials and microorganisms to intensify the purification system.

  Maximum Residue Limits of Mung Bean Pesticides at Home and Abroad: A Comparative Study GUO Chunjing, GUO Linyu, WANG Jianzhong, QIAO Qi 2022, 12 (3):  71-78.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0065 Abstract + ( 364 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1368KB )   ( 305 ) To study the impact of maximum residue limit standards of pesticides on China’s foreign trade of mung bean, we made a comparative analysis between China and its trading countries in terms of the quantity, the size and proportion of the maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the degree of looseness of the limit standards, based on the maximum residue limit standards of pesticides of mung bean established by China, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the European Union, Japan, the United States, South Korea, Canada and etc. The results show that China’s number of pesticide maximum residue limit standards of mung bean (83 items) is significantly fewer than that of Japan (388 items) and EU (566 items), and also lower than that of CAC (111 items), South Korea (124 items) and the United States (114 items). In addition, China has fewer exemption limit standards and uniform limit standards. The GB 2763-2019 standard only stipulates a list of 44 pesticides that is exempted from establishing the maximum residue limits of pesticides, and does not stipulate the uniform limit standards. Therefore, we need to pay attention to the update of pesticide maximum residue limit standards of relevant trading countries continuously, and combine the pesticide residue data, pesticide degradation data, toxicological data and dietary data to provide technical support for formulating pesticide maximum residue limit standards suitable for China’s mung bean production.

  Coupling Coordination Degree of Population Urbanization and Land Urbanization in the Yangtze River Economic Belt TIAN Ze, XIAO Qianqian, DING Xuhui 2022, 12 (3):  79-85.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas20200100001 Abstract + ( 279 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1231KB )   ( 175 ) The paper aims to study the coupling coordination degree between population urbanization and land urbanization in the provinces and municipalities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and put forward suggestions to promote the new urbanization strategy and high-quality development of the region in the new period. Based on relevant data of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2017, the paper calculated the population and land urbanization index of the provinces and municipalities in the region. Through the coupling coordination degree model, the paper empirically tested the degree of coordinated development of population urbanization and land urbanization. This method could comprehensively evaluate the level of urbanization development and the degree of coordination. The results show that: the population urbanization of the provinces and municipalities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt lagged behind the land urbanization. The level of urbanization development and the degree of coordination were significantly different among the provinces and municipalities. Generally, the degree of coordinated development was increasing year by year and the growth rate was slowing down. The performance of urbanization projects was obvious, but the contradictions still need to be resolved. In order to promote the coordinated development of population and land urbanization, we should take population urbanization as the core, flexibly adjust land policies, improve urban planning, and give play to the role of urban circles.

  Factors Influencing the Pricing of High-quality Agricultural Products and the Pricing Strategy LIU Rui, NIE Ying, SUN Yongqi, SHENG Jiping, HUANG Jiazhang, WANG Pei, SUN Junmao 2022, 12 (3):  86-91.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0037 Abstract + ( 545 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF ( 1881KB )   ( 847 ) With the rapid development of domestic economy, on the basis of solving the problem of the basic needs for food and clothing, people have gradually raised their requirements for the quality of agricultural products in recent years. However, the phenomena of unreasonable pricing are often found in the development of high-quality agricultural products’ market. Pricing of agricultural products is a complex topic, whether the high-quality agricultural products could be priced reasonably or not will directly impact the total production of agricultural products, profits of producers and individual behaviors of consumers. Aiming to provide theoretical reference for promoting prosperous development of agricultural products’ market, the influencing factors on the pricing of agricultural products are analyzed from the aspects of products, markets, producers, currency, policy and global environment. Besides, it is suggested that the quality system for evaluating agricultural products should be improved, the brand image should be established and grading pricing strategy should be implemented.

  The Practical Orientation of the Organizational Development of Agricultural Technology Associations Under the Background of Rural Revitalization WANG Yubin, LI Yangyang, LI Qian, HUA Jing 2022, 12 (3):  92-100.  DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0015 Abstract + ( 366 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1244KB )   ( 250 ) Based on the method of institutional analysis, this paper elaborated the development process of China’s agricultural technology associations from the perspective of institutional change, defined the functional orientation of the development of agricultural technology associations in the new era, and then explored the practical orientation and development countermeasures of the organizational development of agricultural technology associations. The results showed that, the policy evolution of national support for the development of agricultural technology associations had experienced four stages: incubating period, intensive development period, growth bottleneck period and transformation period. For the organizational development of agricultural technology associations under the background of rural revitalization, the service content is to promote diversified industries, the service mode is to integrate multiple organizations, and the operation mechanism is to explore the form of ‘agricultural technology association+’. It is suggested to improve the development capacity of the organization of agricultural technology association by clarifying its legal status, encouraging integrated development and docking with the needs of farmers, thus implementing the task of docking the ‘last kilometer’ between the agricultural technology associations and the broad masses of the people, and give full play to the role of science and technology in rural revitalization.