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农学学报

农学学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (1): 107-114.doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2018-1-107

所属专题： 农业学科与产业发展； 现代农业发展与乡村振兴； 小麦

• 农业产业发展篇 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国小麦产业发展与科技进步

何中虎1, 庄巧生1, 程顺和2, 于振文3, 赵振东4, 刘旭1()   

  1. 1 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京 100081
    2 江苏省里下河地区农业科学研究所,江苏扬州 225007
    3 山东农业大学农学院,山东泰安 271018
    4 山东省农业科学院作物研究所,济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2017-11-07 修回日期:2017-11-26 出版日期:2018-01-20 发布日期:2020-04-22
  • 通讯作者: 刘旭 E-mail:liuxu01@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:何中虎,男,1963年出生,陕西蒲城人,研究员,博士,主要从事小麦遗传育种研究。通信地址：100081 北京中关村南大街12号 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,Tel：010-82108547,E-mail：hezhonghu02@caas.cn。

Wheat Production and Technology Improvement in China

He Zhonghu1, Zhuang Qiaosheng1, Cheng Shunhe2, Yu Zhenwen3, Zhao Zhendong4, Liu Xu1()   

  1. 1 Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
    2 Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, Jiangsu, China
    3 Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;
    4 Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Received:2017-11-07 Revised:2017-11-26 Online:2018-01-20 Published:2020-04-22
  • Contact: Liu Xu E-mail:liuxu01@caas.cn

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摘要：

文章总结分析了新中国成立以来中国小麦生产发展和品种选育与栽培技术研究的历史进程。小麦生产发展分为4个阶段,即1949—1957年恢复性增长、1958—1978年稳定增长、1979—1999年单产快速增长和2000—2016年产量质量同步提升。简要介绍了1949年前的育种起步历史,1950年以后小麦育种取得了巨大进展,经历了抗病稳产早熟、矮化抗倒高产和高产优质高效3个阶段,矮秆基因和1B/1R易位系利用与株型改良起到关键作用,育成了碧蚂1号、泰山4号、扬麦158、豫麦21、济麦22等突破性品种,主产麦区经历了8~9次品种更新换代。黄淮麦区的矮秆高产育种和长江中下游麦区的抗赤霉病育种在国际上产生重要影响。概括了种质资源、远缘杂交、矮败小麦、品质改良、兼抗型成株抗性育种、基因组学等领域的新进展。小麦栽培研究经历了4个阶段,20世纪50年代以合理密植为核心,20世纪六七十年代重点研究不同麦区小麦生长发育规律与高产栽培历程,20世纪80年代提出了各主要麦区栽培技术模式包括精播高产、节水高产等技术,20世纪90年代以优质和信息技术应用为主。未来产业发展面临提升质量、降低成本和保护环境三大挑战,气候变化、病害加重、缺乏优质高效抗病品种制约生产发展,建议加强优质抗病高效品种选育与新技术应用研究,实现栽培研究与植保、土肥、农机等有机结合,以全面提高小麦产业的竞争力。

关键词: 小麦, 遗传改良, 栽培, 历史回顾

Abstract:

The objective of this paper is to review the progress of wheat production, breeding, and crop management in China from establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 to present. Wheat production can be divided into four periods, recovery period from 1949 to 1957, stable increase from 1958 to 1978, rapid increase from 1979 to 1999, and synchronized improvement of yield and quality from 2000 to present. A brief summary was made in breeding activities before 1949. Significant progress was achieved in varietal development, and three periods were recognized, i.e., improving disease resistance, reducing plant height and increasing yield potential, and improvement of yield, processing quality, and resource use efficiency. Utilization of dwarfing genes such as Rht1, Rht 2, Rht 8, and Rht 24, as well as 1B/1R translocation has made significant contributions to wheat improvement. Milestone varieties such as Bima 1, Taishan 4, Yangmai 158, Yumai 21, and Jinmai 22 have promoted 8-9 times varietal replacements. Progress in yield improvement in the Yellow and Huai Valley and improvement for scab resistance in the Yangtze Region are internationally recognized. Other aspects include genetic resource collection, wide cross, utilization of Ms 2 gene, quality improvement, adult plant resistance based on minor genes, and genomics. Four stages in improving crop management are observed, i.e., management of planting density in 1950s, characterization of wheat developmental stages and application in increasing yield performance in various regions in 1960s and 1970s, establishment of crop cultivation models in various regions in 1980s, and improvement of processing quality and application of information technology in 1990s. Major challenges for wheat production in China in the future include improving quality, reducing production costs, and protecting environment, while the major constrains are climate changes, increased occurrence of diseases, and needs of better varieties. Research priorities in the future include development of milestone varieties through application of new technologies, integration of crop management with plant protection, soil science, and machinery application.

Key words: Common Wheat, Breeding, Breeding Methodology, Cultivation

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