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农学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (9): 6-13.doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0120

• 农艺农学 生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

播期调整对黄土高原半干旱区春玉米产量和品质的影响

周忠文1(), 齐月2, 刘英1(), 雷俊3   

  1. 1 甘肃省庆阳市气象局,甘肃庆阳 745000
    2 中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所/甘肃省干旱气候变化与减灾重点实验室,兰州 730020
    3 甘肃省定西市气象局,甘肃定西 735000
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-20 修回日期:2025-04-14 出版日期:2025-09-17 发布日期:2025-09-17
  • 通讯作者:
    刘英,女,1975年出生,甘肃西峰人,高级工程师,本科,主要从事天气预报及服务工作。通信地址:745000 甘肃省庆阳市西峰区兰州路14号 气象局,Tel:0934-8212687,E-mail:
  • 作者简介:

    周忠文,男,1974年出生,甘肃宁县人,高级工程师,本科,主要从事应用气象研究及服务工作。通信地址:745000 甘肃省庆阳市西峰区兰州路14号 气象局,Tel:0934-5926889,E-mail:

  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省科技重大专项(25ZDFA011); 中国气象局创新发展专项(CXFZ2025J058); 中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所和辽宁省农业气象灾害重点实验室联合开放基金(2023SYIAEKFMS19); 甘肃省庆阳市科技重大专项计划项目(QY-STK-2022A-071)

Effects of Sowing Schedule Adjustment on Yield and Quality of Spring Maize in Semi-arid Zone of Loess Plateau

ZHOU Zhongwen1(), QI Yue2, LIU Ying1(), LEI Jun3   

  1. 1 Qingyang Meteorological Bureau, Qingyang, Gansu 745000
    2 Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA/ Key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020
    3 Dingxi Meteorological Bureau, Dingxi Gansu 735000
  • Received:2024-06-20 Revised:2025-04-14 Online:2025-09-17 Published:2025-09-17

摘要: 为探究陇东地区春玉米产量和品质对水热变化的响应,在甘肃庆阳西峰区开展了分期播种试验,分析不同播期下春玉米生长发育、产量以及品质的变化特征。结果显示:春玉米随着播期的推迟发育期长度均缩短,适时早播可以延长生育期,充分利用气候资源增加物质积累过程;不同播期各处理叶面积指数、干物质积累和产量构成要素变化较大,与水热资源的匹配度关系密切;干物重的增长速率有“慢-快-慢”的变化特征,七叶以前增长较慢,拔节—乳熟期增速加快,乳熟后增幅下降,抽雄—乳熟、乳熟—成熟的干物质量差异大;播种期变化对春玉米籽粒必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸及蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维的影响不明显。研究发现,气象因子对玉米品质有直接的影响,根据气候年型,选择玉米适宜播期,使得灌浆期处于较为优越的光热条件下,避开霜冻、干旱等影响,玉米可以取得高产,春季3—4月上旬降水正常或偏多年份适宜早播,播种期最适宜期为4月20—25日,春季3—4月上旬降水偏少年份适宜迟播,播种期最适宜期为4月25日—5月5日。研究为气候变化背景下,西北黄土高原旱作玉米应对气候变化提供了参考。

关键词: 春玉米, 播期, 黄土高原, 产量, 品质, 陇东地区

Abstract:

In order to investigate the response of yield and quality of spring maize to changes in moisture and heat, a sowing experiment was carried out in Xifeng, Gansu Province. The characteristics of growth, development, yield and quality of spring maize under different sowing dates were analyzed. The results showed that with the delay of sowing date, the length of development period of spring maize shortened, timely early sowing could make full use of climate resources to increase the process of material accumulation; leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield components changed greatly in different sowing dates, and were closely related to the matching degree of hydrothermal resources; the growth rate of dry matter weight had the characteristics of slow-fast-slow, the growth rate before seven-leaf stage was slow, accelerated from jointing to milk-ripening, and decreased after milk-ripening, there was a significant difference in dry matter quality between tasseling-milk ripe, milk ripe-mature; the effect of sowing date on essential amino acids, semi-essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, protein, fat and crude fiber of spring maize was not obvious. The study found that meteorological factors have a direct impact on the quality of maize. According to the climate year type, the suitable sowing date of maize is selected, so that the grain filling period is under superior light and heat conditions, and the effects of frost and drought can be avoided. Maize can achieve high yield. The normal or more precipitation in March to early April in spring is suitable for early sowing, and the most suitable sowing period is April 20-25. The less precipitation in March to early April in spring is suitable for late sowing, and the most suitable sowing period is April 25-May 5. The study provides a reference for dryland maize in the northwest Loess Plateau to cope with climate change.

Key words: spring corn, sowing date, Loess Plateau, yield, quality, Longdong region