农学学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (12): 49-56.doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas20190700139
所属专题: 园艺
收稿日期:
2019-07-30
修回日期:
2019-11-17
出版日期:
2020-12-20
发布日期:
2020-12-23
作者简介:
宫春波,男,1971年出生,山东高青人,副主任技师,硕士,从事食品安全、食品卫生检验。通信地址:264003 山东烟台市莱山区府后路17号 烟台市疾病预防控制中心,Tel:0535-6700920,E-mail: 基金资助:
Gong Chunbo(), Dong Fengguang, Zheng Zhong, Wang Zhaoxia
Received:
2019-07-30
Revised:
2019-11-17
Online:
2020-12-20
Published:
2020-12-23
摘要:
为了解烟台主产区苹果中杀菌剂残留状况,评估居民苹果来源杀菌剂膳食暴露风险,采用随机采样方法,2016—2018年每年10月于种植、贮存和流通环节共采集718份样本,进行18种杀菌剂检测。基于蒙特卡罗拟合计算危害指数,评估杀菌剂膳食暴露风险。结果表明,苹果中存在6种杀菌剂残留,检出率53.26%,3年检出率分别为38.43%、67.93%、38.43%,年度间差异显著(α=0.01);多菌灵最高40.39%,戊唑醇最低0.14%。6种杀菌剂残留量均值范围1.03~15.4 μg/kg,组间差异显著(α=0.05),戊唑醇、异菌脲、甲基硫菌灵、多菌灵各自最大残留量远小于最大残留限量(maximum residue limit,MRL),存在咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑超过MRL情况,超标率0.28%。6种杀菌剂共检出385频次,多菌灵最高290频次;同一样本存在多种杀菌剂残留,最多同一样本5种杀菌剂残留。各人群分组中,6种杀菌剂的日均膳食暴露量(estimated daily intake,EDI)各异,女性大于男性;未成年人组中,6种杀菌剂的EDI均值与年龄呈现负相关。除2~6岁组外,5种杀菌剂的膳食暴露风险商(hazard quotient,HQ)值远小于1;咪鲜胺HQ>1概率值各异,2~6岁风险概率值最大;多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑HQ>1仅存在全人群2~6岁组,其概率值分别为0.01%、0.02%。苹果来源杀菌剂的慢性膳食暴露风险危害概率值为0.30%~66%,女性大于男性,摄食者大于全人群,2~6岁、7~10岁组是高风险膳食暴露组。苹果中杀菌剂残留的总体质量状况处在可接受安全水平,咪鲜胺是苹果来源杀菌剂膳食暴露风险主要危害因子,尤其对于儿童、少年等低龄人群。
中图分类号:
宫春波, 董峰光, 郑重, 王朝霞. 2016—2018年烟台苹果中杀菌剂残留及其膳食暴露风险分析[J]. 农学学报, 2020, 10(12): 49-56.
Gong Chunbo, Dong Fengguang, Zheng Zhong, Wang Zhaoxia. Dietary Exposure Safety Survey on Fungicide Residue in Apple: Yantai 2016-2018[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2020, 10(12): 49-56.
年度 | 样本数量 | 检出率/% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
苯醚甲环唑 | 多菌灵 | 甲基硫菌灵 | 咪鲜胺 | 戊唑醇 | 异菌脲 | 合计 | ||
2016 | 239 | 0.42 | 44.35 | 10.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 54.81 |
2017 | 237 | 0.42 | 52.32 | 14.77 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 67.93 |
2018 | 242 | 2.48 | 24.79 | 9.50 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.83 | 38.43 |
合计 | 718 | 1.11 | 40.39 | 11.42 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 53.62 |
年度 | 样本数量 | 检出率/% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
苯醚甲环唑 | 多菌灵 | 甲基硫菌灵 | 咪鲜胺 | 戊唑醇 | 异菌脲 | 合计 | ||
2016 | 239 | 0.42 | 44.35 | 10.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 54.81 |
2017 | 237 | 0.42 | 52.32 | 14.77 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 67.93 |
2018 | 242 | 2.48 | 24.79 | 9.50 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.83 | 38.43 |
合计 | 718 | 1.11 | 40.39 | 11.42 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 53.62 |
农药种类 | 毒性 | ADI/[mg/(kg·BW)] | 检出频次 | 均值/(mg/kg) | 95% CI/(mg/kg) | 数值范围/(mg/kg) | P90/(mg/kg) | P95/(mg/kg) | MRL/(mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
戊唑醇 | 低毒 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.00103a | 0.000973~0.00108 | ND~0.0208 | 0.00100 | 0.00100 | 2 |
异菌脲 | 低毒 | 0.06 | 2 | 0.00111a | 0.000959~0.00125 | ND~0.0406 | 0.00100 | 0.00100 | 5 |
苯醚甲环唑 | 低毒 | 0.01 | 8 | 0.00209a | 0.000962~0.00127 | ND~0.560 | 0.00100 | 0.00100 | 0.5 |
甲基硫菌灵 | 低毒 | 0.08 | 82 | 0.00270a | 0.00187~0.00352 | ND~0.210 | 0.00410 | 0.00880 | 5 |
咪鲜胺 | 低毒 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.0138b | -0.010~3.0378 | ND~8.800 | 0.00100 | 0.00100 | 2 |
多菌灵 | 低毒 | 0.03 | 290 | 0.0154b | 0.0124~0.0184 | ND~0.544 | 0.0430 | 0.0920 | 5 |
农药种类 | 毒性 | ADI/[mg/(kg·BW)] | 检出频次 | 均值/(mg/kg) | 95% CI/(mg/kg) | 数值范围/(mg/kg) | P90/(mg/kg) | P95/(mg/kg) | MRL/(mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
戊唑醇 | 低毒 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.00103a | 0.000973~0.00108 | ND~0.0208 | 0.00100 | 0.00100 | 2 |
异菌脲 | 低毒 | 0.06 | 2 | 0.00111a | 0.000959~0.00125 | ND~0.0406 | 0.00100 | 0.00100 | 5 |
苯醚甲环唑 | 低毒 | 0.01 | 8 | 0.00209a | 0.000962~0.00127 | ND~0.560 | 0.00100 | 0.00100 | 0.5 |
甲基硫菌灵 | 低毒 | 0.08 | 82 | 0.00270a | 0.00187~0.00352 | ND~0.210 | 0.00410 | 0.00880 | 5 |
咪鲜胺 | 低毒 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.0138b | -0.010~3.0378 | ND~8.800 | 0.00100 | 0.00100 | 2 |
多菌灵 | 低毒 | 0.03 | 290 | 0.0154b | 0.0124~0.0184 | ND~0.544 | 0.0430 | 0.0920 | 5 |
人群分组 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人数 | 体重均值/kg | 分布类型 | 消费量均值/ [kg/(人·d)] | 分布类型 | 人数 | 体重均值/kg | 分布类型 | 消费量均值/ [kg/(人·d)] | 分布类型 | ||
2~6岁 | 19 | 19.78 | Logistic | 0.0745 | Uniform | 11 | 18.97 | Extvalue | 0.129 | Triang | |
7~10岁 | 29 | 30.46 | Triang | 0.0598 | Uniform | 11 | 29.19 | BetaGeneral | 0.158 | Beta General | |
11~13岁 | 24 | 45.89 | Extvalue | 0.0800 | Beta General | 10 | 44.47 | Invgauss | 0.192 | Beta General | |
14~17岁 | 19 | 63.54 | Weibull | 0.0704 | Ext value | 8 | 66.63 | Extvalue | 0.167 | Beta General | |
18~49岁男 | 205 | 74.19 | Invgauss | 0.0720 | Uniform | 85 | 73.96 | Invgauss | 0.174 | Triang | |
18~49岁女 | 205 | 62.94 | Invgauss | 0.0823 | Gamma | 100 | 62.08 | Logistic | 0.169 | BetaGeneral | |
50~64岁男 | 182 | 72.02 | Loglogistic | 0.0648 | Uniform | 68 | 72.62 | Gamma | 0.173 | Uniform | |
50~64岁女 | 199 | 63.49 | Logistic | 0.0594 | Uniform | 71 | 62.38 | BetaGeneral | 0.167 | Ext value | |
65~79岁男 | 77 | 70.11 | Logistic | 0.0573 | Triang | 28 | 72.04 | Extvalue | 0.160 | Normal | |
65~79岁女 | 114 | 61.73 | Logistic | 0.0759 | Triang | 56 | 63.94 | Extvalue( | 0.154 | Invgauss | |
≥80岁男 | 15 | 67.64 | Expon | 0.0283 | Triang | 4 | 74.73 | 74.73* | 0.106 | 0.106* | |
≥80岁女 | 26 | 50.8 | Invgauss | 0.0502 | Uniform | 9 | 47.86 | BetaGeneral | 0.145 | Beta General | |
男 | 538 | 69.11 | Logistic | 0.0659 | Trian | 210 | 69.37 | Logistic | 0.169 | Normal | |
女 | 576 | 60.78 | Logistic | 0.0713 | Uniform | 251 | 60.27 | Logistic | 0.164 | Weibull | |
全人群 | 1114 | 64.81 | Logistic | 0.0687 | Triang | 461 | 64.42 | Logistic | 0.166 | Triang |
人群分组 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人数 | 体重均值/kg | 分布类型 | 消费量均值/ [kg/(人·d)] | 分布类型 | 人数 | 体重均值/kg | 分布类型 | 消费量均值/ [kg/(人·d)] | 分布类型 | ||
2~6岁 | 19 | 19.78 | Logistic | 0.0745 | Uniform | 11 | 18.97 | Extvalue | 0.129 | Triang | |
7~10岁 | 29 | 30.46 | Triang | 0.0598 | Uniform | 11 | 29.19 | BetaGeneral | 0.158 | Beta General | |
11~13岁 | 24 | 45.89 | Extvalue | 0.0800 | Beta General | 10 | 44.47 | Invgauss | 0.192 | Beta General | |
14~17岁 | 19 | 63.54 | Weibull | 0.0704 | Ext value | 8 | 66.63 | Extvalue | 0.167 | Beta General | |
18~49岁男 | 205 | 74.19 | Invgauss | 0.0720 | Uniform | 85 | 73.96 | Invgauss | 0.174 | Triang | |
18~49岁女 | 205 | 62.94 | Invgauss | 0.0823 | Gamma | 100 | 62.08 | Logistic | 0.169 | BetaGeneral | |
50~64岁男 | 182 | 72.02 | Loglogistic | 0.0648 | Uniform | 68 | 72.62 | Gamma | 0.173 | Uniform | |
50~64岁女 | 199 | 63.49 | Logistic | 0.0594 | Uniform | 71 | 62.38 | BetaGeneral | 0.167 | Ext value | |
65~79岁男 | 77 | 70.11 | Logistic | 0.0573 | Triang | 28 | 72.04 | Extvalue | 0.160 | Normal | |
65~79岁女 | 114 | 61.73 | Logistic | 0.0759 | Triang | 56 | 63.94 | Extvalue( | 0.154 | Invgauss | |
≥80岁男 | 15 | 67.64 | Expon | 0.0283 | Triang | 4 | 74.73 | 74.73* | 0.106 | 0.106* | |
≥80岁女 | 26 | 50.8 | Invgauss | 0.0502 | Uniform | 9 | 47.86 | BetaGeneral | 0.145 | Beta General | |
男 | 538 | 69.11 | Logistic | 0.0659 | Trian | 210 | 69.37 | Logistic | 0.169 | Normal | |
女 | 576 | 60.78 | Logistic | 0.0713 | Uniform | 251 | 60.27 | Logistic | 0.164 | Weibull | |
全人群 | 1114 | 64.81 | Logistic | 0.0687 | Triang | 461 | 64.42 | Logistic | 0.166 | Triang |
人群分组 | 咪鲜胺 | 戊唑醇 | 异菌脲 | 甲基硫菌灵 | 多菌灵 | 苯醚甲环唑 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | ||||||
2~6岁 | 18.300 | 24.000 | 0.00632 | 0.00845 | 0.129 | 0.171 | 0.0167 | 0.0223 | 0.102 | 0.126 | 1.220 | 0.159 | |||||
7~10岁 | 11.100 | 16.500 | 0.00388 | 0.00575 | 0.0788 | 0.117 | 0.0103 | 0.0148 | 0.0574 | 0.0855 | 0.0732 | 0.108 | |||||
11~13岁 | 4.670 | 12.900 | 0.00164 | 0.00450 | 0.0329 | 0.0910 | 0.00453 | 0.0119 | 0.0252 | 0.0671 | 0.0310 | 0.0848 | |||||
14~17岁 | 3.100 | 6.880 | 0.00109 | 0.00239 | 0.0216 | 0.0480 | 0.00282 | 0.00660 | 0.0165 | 0.0360 | 0.0204 | 0.0451 | |||||
18~49岁男 | 6.090 | 7.300 | 0.00214 | 0.00254 | 0.0432 | 0.0514 | 0.00554 | 0.00670 | 0.0322 | 0.0382 | 0.0402 | 0.0481 | |||||
18~49岁女 | 43.300 | 8.280 | 0.01495 | 0.00290 | 0.304 | 0.0588 | 0.0376 | 0.00778 | 0.224 | 0.0437 | 0.288 | 0.0538 | |||||
50~64岁男 | 7.520 | 8.580 | 0.00263 | 0.00299 | 0.0533 | 0.0606 | 0.00721 | 0.00763 | 0.0388 | 0.0451 | 0.0495 | 0.0562 | |||||
50~64岁女 | 7.270 | 8.260 | 0.00256 | 0.00290 | 0.0510 | 0.0588 | 0.00713 | 0.00764 | 0.0379 | 0.0432 | 0.0472 | 0.0546 | |||||
65~79岁男 | 4.310 | 6.610 | 0.00150 | 0.00232 | 0.0302 | 0.0472 | 0.00385 | 0.00621 | 0.0226 | 0.0346 | 0.0281 | 0.0435 | |||||
65~79岁女 | 5.330 | 7.400 | 0.00189 | 0.00260 | 0.0380 | 0.0527 | 0.00485 | 0.00675 | 0.0281 | 0.0389 | 0.0356 | 0.0491 | |||||
≥80岁男 | 3.290 | 4.320 | 0.00115 | 0.00151 | 0.0233 | 0.0306 | 0.00316 | 0.00397 | 0.0173 | 0.0226 | 0.0218 | 0.0285 | |||||
≥80岁女 | 7.600 | 9.760 | 0.00263 | 0.00343 | 0.0532 | 0.0697 | 0.00683 | 0.00893 | 0.0394 | 0.0511 | 0.0498 | 0.0645 | |||||
男 | 5.050 | 7.340 | 0.00178 | 0.00259 | 0.0361 | 0.0522 | 0.00457 | 0.00675 | 0.0266 | 0.0386 | 0.0331 | 0.0487 | |||||
女 | 7.840 | 8.400 | 0.00277 | 0.00294 | 0.0560 | 0.0597 | 0.00733 | 0.00758 | 0.0418 | 0.0434 | 0.0519 | 0.0550 | |||||
全人群 | 5.200 | 3.150 | 0.00180 | 0.00110 | 0.0367 | 0.0223 | 0.00473 | 0.00295 | 0.0264 | 0.0166 | 0.0339 | 0.0207 |
人群分组 | 咪鲜胺 | 戊唑醇 | 异菌脲 | 甲基硫菌灵 | 多菌灵 | 苯醚甲环唑 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | ||||||
2~6岁 | 18.300 | 24.000 | 0.00632 | 0.00845 | 0.129 | 0.171 | 0.0167 | 0.0223 | 0.102 | 0.126 | 1.220 | 0.159 | |||||
7~10岁 | 11.100 | 16.500 | 0.00388 | 0.00575 | 0.0788 | 0.117 | 0.0103 | 0.0148 | 0.0574 | 0.0855 | 0.0732 | 0.108 | |||||
11~13岁 | 4.670 | 12.900 | 0.00164 | 0.00450 | 0.0329 | 0.0910 | 0.00453 | 0.0119 | 0.0252 | 0.0671 | 0.0310 | 0.0848 | |||||
14~17岁 | 3.100 | 6.880 | 0.00109 | 0.00239 | 0.0216 | 0.0480 | 0.00282 | 0.00660 | 0.0165 | 0.0360 | 0.0204 | 0.0451 | |||||
18~49岁男 | 6.090 | 7.300 | 0.00214 | 0.00254 | 0.0432 | 0.0514 | 0.00554 | 0.00670 | 0.0322 | 0.0382 | 0.0402 | 0.0481 | |||||
18~49岁女 | 43.300 | 8.280 | 0.01495 | 0.00290 | 0.304 | 0.0588 | 0.0376 | 0.00778 | 0.224 | 0.0437 | 0.288 | 0.0538 | |||||
50~64岁男 | 7.520 | 8.580 | 0.00263 | 0.00299 | 0.0533 | 0.0606 | 0.00721 | 0.00763 | 0.0388 | 0.0451 | 0.0495 | 0.0562 | |||||
50~64岁女 | 7.270 | 8.260 | 0.00256 | 0.00290 | 0.0510 | 0.0588 | 0.00713 | 0.00764 | 0.0379 | 0.0432 | 0.0472 | 0.0546 | |||||
65~79岁男 | 4.310 | 6.610 | 0.00150 | 0.00232 | 0.0302 | 0.0472 | 0.00385 | 0.00621 | 0.0226 | 0.0346 | 0.0281 | 0.0435 | |||||
65~79岁女 | 5.330 | 7.400 | 0.00189 | 0.00260 | 0.0380 | 0.0527 | 0.00485 | 0.00675 | 0.0281 | 0.0389 | 0.0356 | 0.0491 | |||||
≥80岁男 | 3.290 | 4.320 | 0.00115 | 0.00151 | 0.0233 | 0.0306 | 0.00316 | 0.00397 | 0.0173 | 0.0226 | 0.0218 | 0.0285 | |||||
≥80岁女 | 7.600 | 9.760 | 0.00263 | 0.00343 | 0.0532 | 0.0697 | 0.00683 | 0.00893 | 0.0394 | 0.0511 | 0.0498 | 0.0645 | |||||
男 | 5.050 | 7.340 | 0.00178 | 0.00259 | 0.0361 | 0.0522 | 0.00457 | 0.00675 | 0.0266 | 0.0386 | 0.0331 | 0.0487 | |||||
女 | 7.840 | 8.400 | 0.00277 | 0.00294 | 0.0560 | 0.0597 | 0.00733 | 0.00758 | 0.0418 | 0.0434 | 0.0519 | 0.0550 | |||||
全人群 | 5.200 | 3.150 | 0.00180 | 0.00110 | 0.0367 | 0.0223 | 0.00473 | 0.00295 | 0.0264 | 0.0166 | 0.0339 | 0.0207 |
人群分组 | 咪鲜胺 | 戊唑醇 | 异菌脲 | 甲基硫菌灵 | 多菌灵 | 苯醚甲环唑 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | ||||||
2~6岁 | 1.830 | 2.403 | 0.000211 | 0.000282 | 0.00216 | 0.00286 | 0.000209 | 0.000279 | 0.00341 | 0.00421 | 0.00122 | 0.0159 | |||||
7~10岁 | 1.111 | 1.649 | 0.000129 | 0.000192 | 0.00131 | 0.00195 | 0.000128 | 0.000185 | 0.00191 | 0.00285 | 0.0000732 | 0.0108 | |||||
11~13岁 | 0.467 | 1.287 | 0.0000547 | 0.00015 | 0.000549 | 0.00152 | 0.0000566 | 0.000149 | 0.00084 | 0.00224 | 0.000031 | 0.00848 | |||||
14~17岁 | 0.310 | 0.688 | 0.0000363 | 0.0000797 | 0.00036 | 0.0008 | 0.0000353 | 0.0000827 | 0.000551 | 0.0012 | 0.0000204 | 0.00451 | |||||
18~49岁男 | 0.609 | 0.730 | 0.0000712 | 0.0000848 | 0.00072 | 0.000856 | 0.0000692 | 0.0000837 | 0.00107 | 0.00127 | 0.0000402 | 0.00481 | |||||
18~49岁女 | 4.326 | 0.828 | 0.000498 | 0.0000968 | 0.00507 | 0.00098 | 0.00047 | 0.0000973 | 0.00748 | 0.00146 | 0.000288 | 0.00538 | |||||
50~64岁男 | 0.752 | 0.858 | 0.0000877 | 0.0000998 | 0.000889 | 0.00101 | 0.0000901 | 0.0000953 | 0.00129 | 0.0015 | 0.0000495 | 0.00562 | |||||
50~64岁女 | 0.727 | 0.826 | 0.0000852 | 0.0000967 | 0.000849 | 0.000979 | 0.0000892 | 0.0000955 | 0.00126 | 0.00144 | 0.0000472 | 0.00546 | |||||
65~79岁男 | 0.431 | 0.661 | 0.0000501 | 0.0000773 | 0.000503 | 0.000786 | 0.0000482 | 0.0000776 | 0.000752 | 0.00115 | 0.0000281 | 0.00435 | |||||
65~79岁女 | 0.533 | 0.740 | 0.000063 | 0.0000868 | 0.000633 | 0.000878 | 0.0000606 | 0.0000843 | 0.000936 | 0.0013 | 0.0000356 | 0.00491 | |||||
≥80岁男 | 0.329 | 0.432 | 0.0000384 | 0.0000504 | 0.000389 | 0.00051 | 0.0000395 | 0.0000496 | 0.000577 | 0.00075 | 0.0000218 | 0.00285 | |||||
≥80岁女 | 0.760 | 0.976 | 0.0000878 | 0.000114 | 0.000886 | 0.00116 | 0.0000854 | 0.000112 | 0.00131 | 0.0017 | 0.0000498 | 0.00645 | |||||
男 | 0.505 | 0.734 | 0.0000594 | 0.0000862 | 0.000601 | 0.000871 | 0.0000571 | 0.0000844 | 0.000887 | 0.00129 | 0.0000331 | 0.00487 | |||||
女 | 0.784 | 0.840 | 0.0000922 | 0.000098 | 0.000934 | 0.001 | 0.0000916 | 0.0000948 | 0.00139 | 0.00145 | 0.0000519 | 0.0055 | |||||
全人群 | 0.520 | 0.315 | 0.0000598 | 0.0000367 | 0.000611 | 0.000371 | 0.0000591 | 0.0000368 | 0.000879 | 0.000552 | 0.0000339 | 0.00207 |
人群分组 | 咪鲜胺 | 戊唑醇 | 异菌脲 | 甲基硫菌灵 | 多菌灵 | 苯醚甲环唑 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | 全人群 | 摄食者 | ||||||
2~6岁 | 1.830 | 2.403 | 0.000211 | 0.000282 | 0.00216 | 0.00286 | 0.000209 | 0.000279 | 0.00341 | 0.00421 | 0.00122 | 0.0159 | |||||
7~10岁 | 1.111 | 1.649 | 0.000129 | 0.000192 | 0.00131 | 0.00195 | 0.000128 | 0.000185 | 0.00191 | 0.00285 | 0.0000732 | 0.0108 | |||||
11~13岁 | 0.467 | 1.287 | 0.0000547 | 0.00015 | 0.000549 | 0.00152 | 0.0000566 | 0.000149 | 0.00084 | 0.00224 | 0.000031 | 0.00848 | |||||
14~17岁 | 0.310 | 0.688 | 0.0000363 | 0.0000797 | 0.00036 | 0.0008 | 0.0000353 | 0.0000827 | 0.000551 | 0.0012 | 0.0000204 | 0.00451 | |||||
18~49岁男 | 0.609 | 0.730 | 0.0000712 | 0.0000848 | 0.00072 | 0.000856 | 0.0000692 | 0.0000837 | 0.00107 | 0.00127 | 0.0000402 | 0.00481 | |||||
18~49岁女 | 4.326 | 0.828 | 0.000498 | 0.0000968 | 0.00507 | 0.00098 | 0.00047 | 0.0000973 | 0.00748 | 0.00146 | 0.000288 | 0.00538 | |||||
50~64岁男 | 0.752 | 0.858 | 0.0000877 | 0.0000998 | 0.000889 | 0.00101 | 0.0000901 | 0.0000953 | 0.00129 | 0.0015 | 0.0000495 | 0.00562 | |||||
50~64岁女 | 0.727 | 0.826 | 0.0000852 | 0.0000967 | 0.000849 | 0.000979 | 0.0000892 | 0.0000955 | 0.00126 | 0.00144 | 0.0000472 | 0.00546 | |||||
65~79岁男 | 0.431 | 0.661 | 0.0000501 | 0.0000773 | 0.000503 | 0.000786 | 0.0000482 | 0.0000776 | 0.000752 | 0.00115 | 0.0000281 | 0.00435 | |||||
65~79岁女 | 0.533 | 0.740 | 0.000063 | 0.0000868 | 0.000633 | 0.000878 | 0.0000606 | 0.0000843 | 0.000936 | 0.0013 | 0.0000356 | 0.00491 | |||||
≥80岁男 | 0.329 | 0.432 | 0.0000384 | 0.0000504 | 0.000389 | 0.00051 | 0.0000395 | 0.0000496 | 0.000577 | 0.00075 | 0.0000218 | 0.00285 | |||||
≥80岁女 | 0.760 | 0.976 | 0.0000878 | 0.000114 | 0.000886 | 0.00116 | 0.0000854 | 0.000112 | 0.00131 | 0.0017 | 0.0000498 | 0.00645 | |||||
男 | 0.505 | 0.734 | 0.0000594 | 0.0000862 | 0.000601 | 0.000871 | 0.0000571 | 0.0000844 | 0.000887 | 0.00129 | 0.0000331 | 0.00487 | |||||
女 | 0.784 | 0.840 | 0.0000922 | 0.000098 | 0.000934 | 0.001 | 0.0000916 | 0.0000948 | 0.00139 | 0.00145 | 0.0000519 | 0.0055 | |||||
全人群 | 0.520 | 0.315 | 0.0000598 | 0.0000367 | 0.000611 | 0.000371 | 0.0000591 | 0.0000368 | 0.000879 | 0.000552 | 0.0000339 | 0.00207 |
人群分组 | 全人群 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P50 | P75 | P95 | HQ>1概率/% | ||||||
数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | ||||
2~6岁 | 1.090 | 1.056~1.134 | 2.618 | 2.544~2.695 | 6.149 | 5.975~6.337 | 52.4 | ||
7~10岁 | 0.697 | 0.672~0.726 | 1.592 | 1.562~1.628 | 3.662 | 3.586~3.767 | 29.4 | ||
11~13岁 | 0.039 | 0.033~0.044 | 0.566 | 0.532~0.601 | 2.303 | 2.241~2.385 | 16.9 | ||
14~17岁 | 0.138 | 0.131~0.144 | 0.455 | 0.442~0.471 | 1.362 | 1.293~1.437 | 9.1 | ||
18~49岁男 | 0.401 | 0.386~0.411 | 0.889 | 0.863~0.913 | 1.920 | 1.852~1.972 | 21.3 | ||
18~49岁女 | 2.003 | 1.916~2.087 | 5.304 | 5.140~5.487 | 16.5 | 15.799~17.277 | 65.3 | ||
50~64岁男 | 0.494 | 0.477~0.514 | 1.105 | 1.076~1.135 | 2.370 | 2.321~2.435 | 28.1 | ||
50~64岁女 | 0.472 | 0.458~0.489 | 1.047 | 1.019~1.083 | 2.253 | 2.200~2.320 | 26.6 | ||
65~79岁男 | 0.253 | 0.244~0.264 | 0.606 | 0.588~0.623 | 1.446 | 1.400~1.495 | 12.0 | ||
65~79岁女 | 0.312 | 0.300~0.322 | 0.736 | 0.716~0.757 | 1.799 | 1.732~1.862 | 16.7 | ||
≥80岁男 | 0.189 | 0.181~0.195 | 0.454 | 0.442~0.467 | 1.136 | 1.102~1.179 | 6.9 | ||
≥80岁女 | 0.475 | 0.459~0.491 | 1.127 | 1.094~1.158 | 2.463 | 2.405~2.533 | 28.9 | ||
男 | 0.276 | 0.265~0.285 | 0.698 | 0.676~0.726 | 1.758 | 1.699~1.837 | 15.7 | ||
女 | 0.502 | 0.482~0.518 | 1.134 | 1.101~1.165 | 2.425 | 2.358~2.477 | 28.8 | ||
全人群 | 0.272 | 0.261~0.284 | 0.733 | 0.702~0.757 | 1.922 | 1.843~1.983 | 17.7 | ||
人群分组 | 摄食者 | ||||||||
P50 | P75 | P95 | HQ>1概率/% | ||||||
数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | ||||
2~6岁 | 1.716 | 1.669~1.770 | 3.447 | 3.370~3.540 | 7.050 | 6.854~7.193 | 66.0 | ||
7~10岁 | 1.253 | 1.220~1.286 | 2.302 | 2.257~2.357 | 4.557 | 4.442~4.679 | 58.1 | ||
11~13岁 | 1.068 | 1.046~1.092 | 1.867 | 1.830~1.910 | 3.278 | 3.214~3.330 | 52.6 | ||
14~17岁 | 0.378 | 0.360~0.397 | 1.060 | 1.025~1.089 | 2.352 | 2.301~2.410 | 25.9 | ||
18~49岁男 | 0.571 | 0.556~0.586 | 1.051 | 1.030~1.071 | 1.940 | 1.894~1.982 | 27.1 | ||
18~49岁女 | 0.655 | 0.636~0.673 | 1.191 | 1.170~1.214 | 2.183 | 2.143~2.229 | 32.1 | ||
50~64岁男 | 0.622 | 0.602~0.641 | 1.227 | 1.196~1.257 | 2.477 | 2.424~2.541 | 33.1 | ||
50~64岁女 | 0.647 | 0.628~0.664 | 1.162 | 1.140~1.187 | 2.210 | 2.160~2.263 | 31.3 | ||
65~79岁男 | 0.509 | 0.498~0.524 | 0.954 | 0.934~0.978 | 1.808 | 1.774~1.858 | 23.4 | ||
65~79岁女 | 0.565 | 0.552~0.579 | 1.056 | 1.032~1.081 | 2.055 | 2.011~2.111 | 27.5 | ||
≥80岁男 | 0.380 | 0.371~0.389 | 0.649 | 0.638~0.660 | 1.007 | 0.995~1.020 | 5.3 | ||
≥80岁女 | 0.698 | 0.676~0.718 | 1.356 | 1.319~1.388 | 2.893 | 2.820~2.965 | 36.3 | ||
男 | 0.562 | 0.548~0.577 | 1.046 | 1.025~1.069 | 2.015 | 1.967~2.064 | 26.9 | ||
女 | 0.641 | 0.626~0.658 | 1.190 | 1.168~1.212 | 2.246 | 2.187~2.304 | 31.7 | ||
全人群 | 0.240 | 0.233~0.248 | 0.460 | 0.448~0.471 | 0.868 | 0.849~0.886 | 3.0 |
人群分组 | 全人群 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P50 | P75 | P95 | HQ>1概率/% | ||||||
数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | ||||
2~6岁 | 1.090 | 1.056~1.134 | 2.618 | 2.544~2.695 | 6.149 | 5.975~6.337 | 52.4 | ||
7~10岁 | 0.697 | 0.672~0.726 | 1.592 | 1.562~1.628 | 3.662 | 3.586~3.767 | 29.4 | ||
11~13岁 | 0.039 | 0.033~0.044 | 0.566 | 0.532~0.601 | 2.303 | 2.241~2.385 | 16.9 | ||
14~17岁 | 0.138 | 0.131~0.144 | 0.455 | 0.442~0.471 | 1.362 | 1.293~1.437 | 9.1 | ||
18~49岁男 | 0.401 | 0.386~0.411 | 0.889 | 0.863~0.913 | 1.920 | 1.852~1.972 | 21.3 | ||
18~49岁女 | 2.003 | 1.916~2.087 | 5.304 | 5.140~5.487 | 16.5 | 15.799~17.277 | 65.3 | ||
50~64岁男 | 0.494 | 0.477~0.514 | 1.105 | 1.076~1.135 | 2.370 | 2.321~2.435 | 28.1 | ||
50~64岁女 | 0.472 | 0.458~0.489 | 1.047 | 1.019~1.083 | 2.253 | 2.200~2.320 | 26.6 | ||
65~79岁男 | 0.253 | 0.244~0.264 | 0.606 | 0.588~0.623 | 1.446 | 1.400~1.495 | 12.0 | ||
65~79岁女 | 0.312 | 0.300~0.322 | 0.736 | 0.716~0.757 | 1.799 | 1.732~1.862 | 16.7 | ||
≥80岁男 | 0.189 | 0.181~0.195 | 0.454 | 0.442~0.467 | 1.136 | 1.102~1.179 | 6.9 | ||
≥80岁女 | 0.475 | 0.459~0.491 | 1.127 | 1.094~1.158 | 2.463 | 2.405~2.533 | 28.9 | ||
男 | 0.276 | 0.265~0.285 | 0.698 | 0.676~0.726 | 1.758 | 1.699~1.837 | 15.7 | ||
女 | 0.502 | 0.482~0.518 | 1.134 | 1.101~1.165 | 2.425 | 2.358~2.477 | 28.8 | ||
全人群 | 0.272 | 0.261~0.284 | 0.733 | 0.702~0.757 | 1.922 | 1.843~1.983 | 17.7 | ||
人群分组 | 摄食者 | ||||||||
P50 | P75 | P95 | HQ>1概率/% | ||||||
数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | ||||
2~6岁 | 1.716 | 1.669~1.770 | 3.447 | 3.370~3.540 | 7.050 | 6.854~7.193 | 66.0 | ||
7~10岁 | 1.253 | 1.220~1.286 | 2.302 | 2.257~2.357 | 4.557 | 4.442~4.679 | 58.1 | ||
11~13岁 | 1.068 | 1.046~1.092 | 1.867 | 1.830~1.910 | 3.278 | 3.214~3.330 | 52.6 | ||
14~17岁 | 0.378 | 0.360~0.397 | 1.060 | 1.025~1.089 | 2.352 | 2.301~2.410 | 25.9 | ||
18~49岁男 | 0.571 | 0.556~0.586 | 1.051 | 1.030~1.071 | 1.940 | 1.894~1.982 | 27.1 | ||
18~49岁女 | 0.655 | 0.636~0.673 | 1.191 | 1.170~1.214 | 2.183 | 2.143~2.229 | 32.1 | ||
50~64岁男 | 0.622 | 0.602~0.641 | 1.227 | 1.196~1.257 | 2.477 | 2.424~2.541 | 33.1 | ||
50~64岁女 | 0.647 | 0.628~0.664 | 1.162 | 1.140~1.187 | 2.210 | 2.160~2.263 | 31.3 | ||
65~79岁男 | 0.509 | 0.498~0.524 | 0.954 | 0.934~0.978 | 1.808 | 1.774~1.858 | 23.4 | ||
65~79岁女 | 0.565 | 0.552~0.579 | 1.056 | 1.032~1.081 | 2.055 | 2.011~2.111 | 27.5 | ||
≥80岁男 | 0.380 | 0.371~0.389 | 0.649 | 0.638~0.660 | 1.007 | 0.995~1.020 | 5.3 | ||
≥80岁女 | 0.698 | 0.676~0.718 | 1.356 | 1.319~1.388 | 2.893 | 2.820~2.965 | 36.3 | ||
男 | 0.562 | 0.548~0.577 | 1.046 | 1.025~1.069 | 2.015 | 1.967~2.064 | 26.9 | ||
女 | 0.641 | 0.626~0.658 | 1.190 | 1.168~1.212 | 2.246 | 2.187~2.304 | 31.7 | ||
全人群 | 0.240 | 0.233~0.248 | 0.460 | 0.448~0.471 | 0.868 | 0.849~0.886 | 3.0 |
人群分组 | 全人群 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HI | P50 | P95 | HI>1概率/% | |||||||
均值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | |||||
2~6岁 | 1.836 | 1.710~1.961 | 1.095 | 1.062~1.141 | 6.156 | 5.985~6.351 | 52.4 | |||
7~10岁 | 1.114 | 1.090~1.138 | 0.700 | 0.675~0.730 | 3.669 | 3.591~3.775 | 39.6 | |||
11~13岁 | 0.468 | 0.451~0.485 | 0.0392 | 0.0342~0.0448 | 2.307 | 2.242~2.388 | 17 | |||
14~17岁 | 0.311 | 0.301~0.322 | 0.139 | 0.132~0.145 | 1.366 | 1.297~1.441 | 9.2 | |||
18~49岁男 | 0.611 | 0.599~0.624 | 0.402 | 0.388~0.413 | 1.923 | 1.855~1.975 | 21.4 | |||
18~49岁女 | 4.34 | 4.213~4.467 | 2.011 | 1.929~2.095 | 16.525 | 15.842~17.336 | 65.4 | |||
50~64岁男 | 0.754 | 0.739~0.769 | 0.496 | 0.479~0.516 | 2.378 | 2.325~2.440 | 28.1 | |||
50~64岁女 | 0.729 | 0.708~0.750 | 0.475 | 0.460~0.492 | 2.254 | 2.205~2.324 | 26.6 | |||
65~79岁男 | 0.432 | 0.422~0.442 | 0.255 | 0.245~0.266 | 1.45 | 1.403~1.496 | 12.1 | |||
65~79岁女 | 0.534 | 0.520~0.548 | 0.314 | 0.301~0.324 | 1.802 | 1.735~1.864 | 16.7 | |||
≥80岁男 | 0.33 | 0.322~0.337 | 0.189 | 0.182~0.195 | 1.139 | 1.103~1.181 | 6.9 | |||
≥80岁女 | 0.762 | 0.746~0.778 | 0.478 | 0.461~0.494 | 2.467 | 2.409~2.537 | 29 | |||
男 | 0.507 | 0.492~0.522 | 0.277 | 0.266~0.286 | 1.762 | 1.701~1.842 | 15.8 | |||
女 | 0.786 | 0.769~0.803 | 0.503 | 0.484~0.521 | 2.427 | 2.363~2.483 | 29 | |||
全人群 | 0.522 | 0.480~0.563 | 0.273 | 0.262~0.286 | 1.924 | 1.845~1.989 | 17.7 | |||
人群分组 | 摄食者 | |||||||||
HI | P50 | P95 | HI>1概率/% | |||||||
均值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | |||||
2~6岁 | 2.411 | 2.365~2.456 | 1.723 | 1.674~1.778 | 7.064 | 6.865~7.203 | 66.1 | |||
7~10岁 | 1.654 | 1.625~1.683 | 1.259 | 1.225~1.291 | 4.566 | 4.449~4.688 | 58.3 | |||
11~13岁 | 1.291 | 1.271~1.311 | 1.072 | 1.050~1.097 | 3.281 | 3.220~3.338 | 52.7 | |||
14~17岁 | 0.69 | 0.675~0.705 | 0.38 | 0.362~0.398 | 2.357 | 2.301~2.412 | 25.9 | |||
18~49岁男 | 0.732 | 0.720~0.744 | 0.573 | 0.558~0.587 | 1.943 | 1.896~1.985 | 27.3 | |||
18~49岁女 | 0.831 | 0.816~0.845 | 0.657 | 0.638~0.675 | 2.185 | 2.147~2.232 | 32.2 | |||
50~64岁男 | 0.86 | 0.845~0.876 | 0.625 | 0.606~0.643 | 2.482 | 2.427~2.544 | 33.3 | |||
50~64岁女 | 0.828 | 0.814~0.842 | 0.649 | 0.631~0.667 | 2.214 | 2.162~2.267 | 31.4 | |||
65~79岁男 | 0.663 | 0.652~0.675 | 0.512 | 0.500~0.526 | 1.811 | 1.777~1.862 | 23.5 | |||
65~79岁女 | 0.742 | 0.729~0.755 | 0.568 | 0.554~0.582 | 2.058 | 2.015~2.113 | 27.7 | |||
≥80岁男 | 0.434 | 0.428~0.440 | 0.381 | 0.372~0.391 | 1.009 | 0.996~1.022 | 5.3 | |||
≥80岁女 | 0.979 | 0.961~0.997 | 0.7 | 0.679~0.720 | 2.895 | 2.822~2.969 | 36.4 | |||
男 | 0.736 | 0.722~0.751 | 0.565 | 0.551~0.580 | 2.019 | 1.970~2.067 | 27 | |||
女 | 0.843 | 0.826~0.860 | 0.643 | 0.628~0.660 | 2.249 | 2.190~2.308 | 31.8 | |||
全人群 | 0.316 | 0.311~0.321 | 0.241 | 0.234~0.248 | 0.869 | 0.850~0.887 | 0.3 |
人群分组 | 全人群 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HI | P50 | P95 | HI>1概率/% | |||||||
均值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | |||||
2~6岁 | 1.836 | 1.710~1.961 | 1.095 | 1.062~1.141 | 6.156 | 5.985~6.351 | 52.4 | |||
7~10岁 | 1.114 | 1.090~1.138 | 0.700 | 0.675~0.730 | 3.669 | 3.591~3.775 | 39.6 | |||
11~13岁 | 0.468 | 0.451~0.485 | 0.0392 | 0.0342~0.0448 | 2.307 | 2.242~2.388 | 17 | |||
14~17岁 | 0.311 | 0.301~0.322 | 0.139 | 0.132~0.145 | 1.366 | 1.297~1.441 | 9.2 | |||
18~49岁男 | 0.611 | 0.599~0.624 | 0.402 | 0.388~0.413 | 1.923 | 1.855~1.975 | 21.4 | |||
18~49岁女 | 4.34 | 4.213~4.467 | 2.011 | 1.929~2.095 | 16.525 | 15.842~17.336 | 65.4 | |||
50~64岁男 | 0.754 | 0.739~0.769 | 0.496 | 0.479~0.516 | 2.378 | 2.325~2.440 | 28.1 | |||
50~64岁女 | 0.729 | 0.708~0.750 | 0.475 | 0.460~0.492 | 2.254 | 2.205~2.324 | 26.6 | |||
65~79岁男 | 0.432 | 0.422~0.442 | 0.255 | 0.245~0.266 | 1.45 | 1.403~1.496 | 12.1 | |||
65~79岁女 | 0.534 | 0.520~0.548 | 0.314 | 0.301~0.324 | 1.802 | 1.735~1.864 | 16.7 | |||
≥80岁男 | 0.33 | 0.322~0.337 | 0.189 | 0.182~0.195 | 1.139 | 1.103~1.181 | 6.9 | |||
≥80岁女 | 0.762 | 0.746~0.778 | 0.478 | 0.461~0.494 | 2.467 | 2.409~2.537 | 29 | |||
男 | 0.507 | 0.492~0.522 | 0.277 | 0.266~0.286 | 1.762 | 1.701~1.842 | 15.8 | |||
女 | 0.786 | 0.769~0.803 | 0.503 | 0.484~0.521 | 2.427 | 2.363~2.483 | 29 | |||
全人群 | 0.522 | 0.480~0.563 | 0.273 | 0.262~0.286 | 1.924 | 1.845~1.989 | 17.7 | |||
人群分组 | 摄食者 | |||||||||
HI | P50 | P95 | HI>1概率/% | |||||||
均值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | 数值 | 95%CI | |||||
2~6岁 | 2.411 | 2.365~2.456 | 1.723 | 1.674~1.778 | 7.064 | 6.865~7.203 | 66.1 | |||
7~10岁 | 1.654 | 1.625~1.683 | 1.259 | 1.225~1.291 | 4.566 | 4.449~4.688 | 58.3 | |||
11~13岁 | 1.291 | 1.271~1.311 | 1.072 | 1.050~1.097 | 3.281 | 3.220~3.338 | 52.7 | |||
14~17岁 | 0.69 | 0.675~0.705 | 0.38 | 0.362~0.398 | 2.357 | 2.301~2.412 | 25.9 | |||
18~49岁男 | 0.732 | 0.720~0.744 | 0.573 | 0.558~0.587 | 1.943 | 1.896~1.985 | 27.3 | |||
18~49岁女 | 0.831 | 0.816~0.845 | 0.657 | 0.638~0.675 | 2.185 | 2.147~2.232 | 32.2 | |||
50~64岁男 | 0.86 | 0.845~0.876 | 0.625 | 0.606~0.643 | 2.482 | 2.427~2.544 | 33.3 | |||
50~64岁女 | 0.828 | 0.814~0.842 | 0.649 | 0.631~0.667 | 2.214 | 2.162~2.267 | 31.4 | |||
65~79岁男 | 0.663 | 0.652~0.675 | 0.512 | 0.500~0.526 | 1.811 | 1.777~1.862 | 23.5 | |||
65~79岁女 | 0.742 | 0.729~0.755 | 0.568 | 0.554~0.582 | 2.058 | 2.015~2.113 | 27.7 | |||
≥80岁男 | 0.434 | 0.428~0.440 | 0.381 | 0.372~0.391 | 1.009 | 0.996~1.022 | 5.3 | |||
≥80岁女 | 0.979 | 0.961~0.997 | 0.7 | 0.679~0.720 | 2.895 | 2.822~2.969 | 36.4 | |||
男 | 0.736 | 0.722~0.751 | 0.565 | 0.551~0.580 | 2.019 | 1.970~2.067 | 27 | |||
女 | 0.843 | 0.826~0.860 | 0.643 | 0.628~0.660 | 2.249 | 2.190~2.308 | 31.8 | |||
全人群 | 0.316 | 0.311~0.321 | 0.241 | 0.234~0.248 | 0.869 | 0.850~0.887 | 0.3 |
[1] |
Bondonno Nicola P, Bondonno Catherine P, Ward Natalie C, et al. The cardiovascular health benefits of apples: Whole fruit vs. isolated compounds[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2017,69:243-256.
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.04.012 URL |
[2] |
Fabiani R, Minelli L, Rosignoli P. Apple intake and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Public Health Nutrition, 2016,19(14):2603-2617.
doi: 10.1017/S136898001600032X URL pmid: 27000627 |
[3] |
Lozowicka, Bozena. Health risk for children and adults consuming apples with pesticide residue[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2015,502:184-198.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.026 URL |
[4] | Manolis Tzatzarakis, Ioanna Katsikantami, Elena Vakonaki, et al. Monitoring of pesticide residues in apples from the Greek market[J]. Toxico L Lett, 2017,280(S1):177. |
[5] | Bożena Łozowicka, Piotr Kaczyński. Pesticide Residues in Apples (2005-2010)[J]. Arch Environ Prot, 2011,37(3):43-54. |
[6] | 李志霞, 聂继云, 闫震, 等. 基于点评估方法的渤海湾产区苹果中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究[J]. 农药学学报, 2015(6):715-722. |
[7] | 刘永明, 葛娜, 崔宗岩, 等. 2012—2014年青岛、深圳、大连三口岸282份进口水果和蔬菜中农药残留监测[J]. 中国食品卫生杂志, 2016,28(4):511-515. |
[8] | 田利光, 姜召涛, 曹新芳. 烟台苹果产业发展现状与建议[J]. 烟台果树, 2018(2):1-3. |
[9] | 庞荣丽, 成昕, 谢汉忠, 等. 我国水果质量安全标准现状分析[J]. 果树学报, 2016(5):612-623. |
[10] | 2015年烟台统计年鉴[EB/OL].(2019-09-24). http://tjj.yantai.gov.cn/art/2018/3/29/art_118_935455.html. |
[11] | China Health and Nutrition Survey. Survey Data-Longitudinal [EB/OL]. (2019-07-12). http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china/data/datasets/data_downloads/longitudinal. |
[12] | 国家食品安全风险评估中心. 2016年国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册[M]. 北京:国家食品安全风险评估中心, 2016:285-297. |
[13] | 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会, 中华人民共和国农业部, 国家食品药品监督管理总局. GB 2763—2016,食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2016:16,23,33,39-41,57,79-80,93,98,108,135,141,164. |
[14] | 刘沛, 吴永宁. 构建中国膳食暴露评估模型提升我国食品安全风险评估水平[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2010,44(3):181-183. |
[15] |
Szpyrka E, Kurdziel A, SLOwik-Borowiec M, et al. Consumer exposure to pesticide residues in apples from the region of south-eastern Poland[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013,185(11):8873-8878.
doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3219-y URL |
[16] | 杨桂玲, 陈晨, 王强, 等. 农药多残留联合暴露风险评估研究进展[J]. 农药学学报, 2015,17(2):119-127. |
[17] |
Xu G, Nie J, Wu Y, et al. The effects of fruit bagging on residue behavior and dietary risk for four pesticides in apple[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018,8(1):1-6.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17765-5 URL pmid: 29311619 |
[18] |
Policy R F, Fao N D, Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants[J]. Who Offset Publication, 1985(87):1-102.
URL pmid: 4013518 |
[19] |
聂继云, 李志霞, 刘传德, 等. 苹果农药残留风险评估[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014,47(18):3655-3667.
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.18.013 URL |
[20] |
叶孟亮, 聂继云, 徐国锋, 等. 苹果中4种常用农药残留及其膳食暴露评估[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016(7):1289-1302.
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.07.007 URL |
[21] | 李志霞, 聂继云, 闫震, 等. 基于点评估方法的渤海湾产区苹果中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究[J]. 农药学学报, 2015(6):715-722. |
[22] | 兰丰, 刘传德, 周先学, 等. 山东省主产区苹果农药残留水平及累积急性膳食摄入风险评估[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2015,6(7):2595-2602. |
[23] | Manuela Olga Pogăcean, Hlihor R M, Gavrilescu M. Monitoring pesticides degradation in apple fruits and potential effects of residues on human health[J]. J Environ Eng Landsc, 2014,22(3):1171-1182. |
[24] | 李耘, 钱永忠, 陈晨, 等. 混合化学物风险评估技术及研究进展[J]. 农产品质量与安全, 2013(6):42-48. |
[25] | 吕萍萍, 徐晓曦. 农药残留对食品安全的影响及其检测新技术的研究进展[J]. 农学学报, 2012,2(6):65-67. |
[1] | 吉志红, 刘晓迎, 张燕燕, 曹苏娅. 三门峡红富士苹果始花期预测模型研究[J]. 农学学报, 2022, 12(8): 81-86. |
[2] | 叶子, 苏初连, 孙宇, 刘晓妹, 蒲金基, 张贺, 黄海. 露娜森和拿敌稳对芒果采后炭疽病的防治效果[J]. 农学学报, 2022, 12(7): 21-25. |
[3] | 褚玥, 孙明娜, 董旭, 童舟, 王梅, 高同春, 邓永进, 段劲生. 果桑质量安全现状与对策[J]. 农学学报, 2022, 12(4): 61-66. |
[4] | 汪玉磊, 单英杰, 秦叶波. 浙江省农用化肥时空分析及环境风险评价[J]. 农学学报, 2022, 12(3): 30-34. |
[5] | 钱信宇, 刘简, 杨晓曦, 王钰钦, 郑尧, 吴伟. 小球藻水环境毒理学研究进展及应用前景[J]. 农学学报, 2022, 12(2): 65-72. |
[6] | 孙燕霞, 宋来庆, 赵玲玲, 张学勇, 刘大亮, 姜福东, 刘学卿, 唐岩. 3个中熟苹果品种的果实品质分析[J]. 农学学报, 2022, 12(1): 53-59. |
[7] | 田甜, 杨婷, 邹县梅, 陈春乐. 钢铁厂周边土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价——以闽西三明钢铁厂周边农田为例[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(6): 42-46. |
[8] | 傅宇航, 马慧, 蔡俊松, 彭复蓉, 毕朝位. 水稻稻曲病有效药剂筛选及药效评价[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(5): 18-21. |
[9] | 颜玉倩, 何赵祥睿, 朱克云. 河南省冬小麦干旱指数特征分析及风险评估[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(3): 12-19. |
[10] | 杨韵龙. 提高中国粮食安全风险管理能力的思考[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(3): 89-92. |
[11] | 漆永红, 李敏权, 曹素芳, 蒋晶晶, 李雪萍, 李青青, 徐美蓉, 李继平. 党参茎基腐病镰孢菌鉴定及其对杀菌剂的敏感性研究[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(2): 74-78. |
[12] | 廖冰. 脱贫人口返贫风险“事前—事中—事后”全过程防控研究脉络[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(12): 118-124. |
[13] | 李恒伟, 王庆国. 缺氧条件下‘黄富士’苹果挥发性成分变化趋势研究[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(12): 87-94. |
[14] | 屈洋, 王可珍, 康军科, 梁福琴. 苹果幼园套种大豆模式对产量及农田环境的影响[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(10): 28-32. |
[15] | 王玮, 王胜永, 李德海, 李月刚, 卜庆魏, 渠慎春. 江苏省丰县苹果生产绿色防控现状调查与分析[J]. 农学学报, 2021, 11(10): 41-47. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||