褐家鼠和黄胸鼠种群特征比较研究：以贵州三都县为例

doi:10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2025-0033

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为比较褐家鼠和黄胸鼠种群特征变化规律，为其种群数量预测预报及科学防控提供理论依据。于每月上中旬采用夹夜法，对住宅区、稻田区、旱地耕作区鼠情进行调查，对贵州省三都县2012—2024年农区鼠情监测到的褐家鼠及黄胸鼠进行比较分析研究。结果表明，褐家鼠平均体重为(98.95±42.37) g，黄胸鼠平均体重为(84.95±31.95)g，褐家鼠体重、胴体重、体长显著高于黄胸鼠，黄胸鼠尾长及耳高显著高于褐家鼠。褐家鼠平均捕获率为1.17%，明显高于黄胸鼠平均捕获率0.37%，褐家鼠在3月、6月、9月出现3个种群数量高峰，黄胸鼠在3月、6月出现2个种群数量高峰。褐家鼠和黄胸鼠在当地的繁殖能力有所不同，褐家鼠平均怀孕率为15.69%，低于黄胸鼠的平均怀孕率23.57%，褐家鼠平均胎仔数为7.89只，高于黄胸鼠平均胎仔数5.88只，褐家鼠平均睾丸下降率为51.52%，低于黄胸鼠平均睾丸下降率59.04%，褐家鼠平均繁殖指数为0.6097，低于黄胸鼠平均繁殖指数0.6340。褐家鼠平均肥满度为(2.65±0.40) g/cm³，低于黄胸鼠平均肥满度为(2.78±0.45) g/cm³。由此可见，体重、体长、尾长、耳高等形态特征可作为鉴定区别褐家鼠和黄胸鼠的参考依据，每年3月、6月、9月是当地褐家鼠和黄胸鼠防治的关键时期。

关键词: 褐家鼠, 黄胸鼠, 形态特征, 繁殖参数, 肥满度, 比较

Abstract:

The study aims to compare the population characteristics of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus tanezumi, and provide theoretical basis for their population prediction and scientific prevention and control. In the first half of every month, the rat situation in residential areas, paddy fields and dry farming areas was investigated by night trapping method, and the rat situation of R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in agricultural areas of Sandu County, Guizhou Province from 2012 to 2024 was compared and analyzed. The results showed that the average weight of R. norvegicus was (98.95±42.37) g, while that of R. tanezumi was (84.95±31.95) g. The weight, carcass weight and body length of R. norvegicus were significantly higher than that of R. tanezumi. The average capture rate of R. norvegicus was 1.17%, which was significantly higher than that of R. tanezumi (0.37%). R. norvegicus had three population peaks in March, June and September, and R. tanezumi had two population peaks in March and June. The reproductive ability of R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi was different in the local area. The average pregnancy rate of R. norvegicus was 15.69%, which was lower than that of R. tanezumi by 23.57%. The average number of offspring of R. norvegicus was 7.89, which was higher than that of R. tanezumi by 5.88. The average testicular decline rate of R. norvegicus was 51.52%, which was lower than that of R. tanezumi by 59.04%. The average fatness of R. norvegicus was 2.65±0.40 g/cm³, which was lower than that of R. tanezumi (2.78±0.45) g/cm³. It can be seen that the morphological characteristics of body weight, body length, tail length and ear height can be used as a reference for identifying and distinguishing R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi, and March, June and September are the key periods for the control of R. norvegicus and Rattus flavipectus.

Key words: Rattus norvegicus, Rattus tanezumi, morphological characteristics, reproductive parameters, fatness, compare

中图分类号:

艾祯仙, 白明琼. 褐家鼠和黄胸鼠种群特征比较研究：以贵州三都县为例[J]. 农学学报, 2026, 16(5): 26-31.

AI Zhenxian, BAI Mingqiong. Comparative Study on Population Characteristics of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus tanezumi: A Case Study of Sandu County, Guizhou Province[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2026, 16(5): 26-31.

图/表 6

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指标	鼠种名称	样本数/只	范围	平均值±标准差	标准误	变异系数/%	t-测验
体重/g	褐家鼠	971	16.00~305.70	98.95±42.37	1.36	42.82	t=6.15>t_0.01
体重/g	黄胸鼠	306	9.20~187.00	84.95±31.95	1.83	37.62	t=6.15>t_0.01
胴体重/g	褐家鼠	848	12.00~220.00	74.08±30.98	1.06	41.83	t=5.77>t_0.01
胴体重/g	黄胸鼠	255	15.30~136.00	63.77±22.90	1.43	35.90	t=5.77>t_0.01
体长/mm	褐家鼠	971	80.00~216.00	152.98±23.52	0.75	15.38	t=6.30>t_0.01
体长/mm	黄胸鼠	306	58.00~195.00	143.61±22.40	1.28	15.60	t=6.30>t_0.01
尾长/mm	褐家鼠	971	62.00~196.00	136.18±21.80	0.70	16.01	t=11.31>t_0.01
尾长/mm	黄胸鼠	306	75.00~208.00	154.76±25.99	1.49	16.80	t=11.31>t_0.01
后足长/mm	褐家鼠	971	14.00~40.00	30.41±3.63	0.12	11.93	t=2.03>t_0.05
后足长/mm	黄胸鼠	306	13.00~38.00	29.92±3.68	0.21	12.31	t=2.03>t_0.05
耳高/mm	褐家鼠	971	9.00~27.00	20.06±2.15	0.07	10.69	t=13.01>t_0.01
耳高/mm	黄胸鼠	306	12.00~28.00	22.57±3.15	0.18	13.96	t=13.01>t_0.01

指标	鼠种名称	样本数/只	范围	平均值±标准差	标准误	变异系数/%	t-测验
体重/g	褐家鼠	971	16.00~305.70	98.95±42.37	1.36	42.82	t=6.15>t_0.01
体重/g	黄胸鼠	306	9.20~187.00	84.95±31.95	1.83	37.62	t=6.15>t_0.01
胴体重/g	褐家鼠	848	12.00~220.00	74.08±30.98	1.06	41.83	t=5.77>t_0.01
胴体重/g	黄胸鼠	255	15.30~136.00	63.77±22.90	1.43	35.90	t=5.77>t_0.01
体长/mm	褐家鼠	971	80.00~216.00	152.98±23.52	0.75	15.38	t=6.30>t_0.01
体长/mm	黄胸鼠	306	58.00~195.00	143.61±22.40	1.28	15.60	t=6.30>t_0.01
尾长/mm	褐家鼠	971	62.00~196.00	136.18±21.80	0.70	16.01	t=11.31>t_0.01
尾长/mm	黄胸鼠	306	75.00~208.00	154.76±25.99	1.49	16.80	t=11.31>t_0.01
后足长/mm	褐家鼠	971	14.00~40.00	30.41±3.63	0.12	11.93	t=2.03>t_0.05
后足长/mm	黄胸鼠	306	13.00~38.00	29.92±3.68	0.21	12.31	t=2.03>t_0.05
耳高/mm	褐家鼠	971	9.00~27.00	20.06±2.15	0.07	10.69	t=13.01>t_0.01
耳高/mm	黄胸鼠	306	12.00~28.00	22.57±3.15	0.18	13.96	t=13.01>t_0.01

鼠种名称	样本数/只	范围/(g/cm³)	平均值±标准差	标准误	变异系数/%	t-测验
褐家鼠	971	1.23~5.19	2.65±0.40	0.01	15.20	t=4.50>t_0.01
黄胸鼠	306	1.77~4.72	2.78±0.45	0.03	16.33	t=4.50>t_0.01

鼠种名称	样本数/只	范围/(g/cm³)	平均值±标准差	标准误	变异系数/%	t-测验
褐家鼠	971	1.23~5.19	2.65±0.40	0.01	15.20	t=4.50>t_0.01
黄胸鼠	306	1.77~4.72	2.78±0.45	0.03	16.33	t=4.50>t_0.01